I-Precision Machining inqubo yokususa okokusebenza ngesikhathi sokubamba ukuphela kokubekezelelana. Umshini wokunemba unezinhlobo eziningi, kufaka phakathi ukugaya, ukujika kanye nemishini yokukhipha kagesi. Umshini wokunemba namuhla ulawulwa ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa i-Computer Numerical Controls (CNC).
Cishe yonke imikhiqizo yensimbi isebenzisa ukucubungula ngokunemba, njengoba kwenza nezinye izinto ezifana nepulasitiki nokhuni. Le mishini isebenza ngamakhenikha akhethekile futhi aqeqeshiwe. Ukuze ithuluzi lokusika lenze umsebenzi walo, kufanele lihanjiswe kuzikhombisi-ndlela ezichaziwe ukwenza ukusika okulungile. Lokhu kunyakaza okuyinhloko kubizwa ngokuthi "isivinini sokusika." Umsebenzi wokusebenza nawo ungasuswa, owaziwa njengokunyakaza kwesibili kwe- "feed." Ngokubambisana, le minyakazo nobukhali bethuluzi lokusika kuvumela umshini wokunemba ukuthi usebenze.
Imishini yokunemba kwekhwalithi idinga ikhono lokulandela amapulani acaciswe ngokweqile enziwe yi-CAD (idizayini esizwa ikhompyutha) noma izinhlelo ze-CAM (zokukhiqiza ezisizwa ngamakhompiyutha) ezinjenge-AutoCAD neTurboCAD. Isoftware ingasiza ukukhiqiza imidwebo eyinkimbinkimbi, enezinhlangothi ezintathu noma izinhlaka ezidingekayo ukuze kwenziwe ithuluzi, umshini noma into. Lezi zinhlaka kufanele zinamathelwe ngemininingwane enkulu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizo ugcina ubuqotho bawo. Ngenkathi izinkampani eziningi ezisebenza ngokunemba zisebenza nohlobo oluthile lwezinhlelo ze-CAD / CAM, zisasebenza kaningi ngemidwebo edonswe ngesandla ezigabeni zokuqala zomklamo.
Ukwenza imishini kusetshenziswa izinto eziningi kubandakanya insimbi, ithusi, i-graphite, ingilazi nama-plastiki ukubala okumbalwa. Ngokuya ngosayizi wephrojekthi nezinto ezizosetshenziswa, kuzosetshenziswa amathuluzi wokunemba ahlukahlukene. Kungasetshenziswa noma iyiphi inhlanganisela yama-lathes, imishini yokugaya, imishini yokubhola, amasaha kanye ne-grinders, ngisho namarobhothi asheshayo. Imboni ye-aerospace ingasebenzisa imishini ephezulu yejubane, kuyilapho imboni yokwenza amathuluzi ingasebenzisa izinqubo zokwenziwa kwamakhemikhali nezithombe. Ukukhishwa kokugijima, noma ubuningi obuthile bento ethile, kungabala izinkulungwane, noma kube mbalwa nje. Ukwenza imishini ngokucophelela kudinga ukwenziwa kohlelo lwamadivayisi we-CNC okusho ukuthi alawulwa ngamakhompyutha. Idivayisi ye-CNC ivumela ubukhulu obufanele ukuthi bulandelwe kuwo wonke umkhiqizo.
Milling inqubo machining usebenzisa bezihlahla rotary ukususa izinto kusuka workpiece ngokuqhubekisela phambili (noma ukondla) umsiki singene workpiece at isiqondiso esithile. Umsiki angabanjwa futhi nge-engela ehlobene ne-eksisi yethuluzi. Ukugaya kuhlanganisa imisebenzi ehlukahlukene ehlukahlukene nemishini, esikalini kusuka ezingxenyeni ezincane kuya kwezinkulu, imisebenzi esindayo yokugaya amaqembu ezigelekeqe. Ingenye yezinqubo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zokwenziwa kwemishini yangokwezifiso ukubekezelela okunembile.
Ukugaya kungenziwa ngamathuluzi amaningi womshini. Isigaba sokuqala samathuluzi omshini wokugaya kwakungumshini wokugaya (ovame ukubizwa ngokuthi isigayo). Ngemuva kokuvela kokulawulwa kwamanani ekhompyutha (i-CNC), imishini yokugaya yavela yaba izikhungo zemishini: imishini yokugaya eyengezwe ngabashintshi bamathuluzi abazenzekelayo, omagazini bamathuluzi noma ama-carousels, amandla e-CNC, amasistimu okupholisa, nezindawo ezivalekile. Izikhungo zokugaya ngokuvamile zihlukaniswa njengezikhungo zokumisa mpo (ama-VMCs) noma izikhungo zemishini ezivundlile (ama-HMCs).
Ukuhlanganiswa kokugaya kube yizindawo eziguqukayo, futhi okuphambene nalokho, kuqalwe ngamathuluzi abukhoma ama-lathes nokusetshenziswa kwesinye isikhathi kwezigayo ukwenza imisebenzi. Lokhu kuholele esigabeni esisha samathuluzi emishini, imishini yokwenza imisebenzi eminingi (MTMs), eyakhelwe izinhloso zokwenza lula ukugaya nokujika ngaphakathi kwemvilophu yomsebenzi efanayo.
Yonjiniyela bokudizayina, amaqembu e-R & D, nabakhiqizi abathembele kokuthola ingxenye ethile, ukucubungula kwe-CNC ngokunemba kuvumela ukwenziwa kwezingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi ngaphandle kokucubungulwa okwengeziwe. Eqinisweni, ukucacisa i-CNC machining kuvame ukwenza ukuthi izingxenye eziqediwe zenziwe emshinini owodwa.
Inqubo yokwenza imishini isusa okokusebenza futhi isebenzisa amathuluzi ahlukahlukene okusika ukudala umklamo wokugcina, futhi ovame ukuba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Izinga lokunemba liyathuthukiswa ngokusetshenziswa kokulawulwa kwamanani ekhompyutha (i-CNC), okusetshenziselwa ukuzenzekelayo ukulawulwa kwamathuluzi wokuchofoza.
Indima ye "CNC" ekusetshenzisweni ngokunemba
Kusetshenziswa imiyalo yokuhlela enamakhodi, ukucubungula kwe-CNC ngokunemba kuvumela okokusebenza ukuthi kusikwe futhi kubunjwe kokucacisiwe ngaphandle kokungenelela okwenziwa ngumuntu osebenza ngomshini.
Ukuthatha imodeli esiza ikhompiyutha (CAD) enikezwe yikhasimende, uchwepheshe wemishini usebenzisa isoftware ekhiqiza ikhompyutha (CAM) ukwenza iziyalezo zokusebenzisa ingxenye leyo. Ngokuya ngemodeli ye-CAD, isoftware inquma ukuthi iziphi izindlela zamathuluzi ezidingekayo futhi yakha ikhodi yohlelo etshela umshini:
■ Ayini ama-RPM nama-feed rates alungile
■ Ukuhambisa nini futhi kuphi ithuluzi kanye / noma okokusebenza
■ Ukujula kangakanani ukusika
■ Ukusifaka nini isipholisi
■ Noma yiziphi ezinye izinto ezihlobene nesivinini, isilinganiso sokuphakelayo, nokuxhumanisa
Isilawuli se-CNC sisebenzisa ikhodi yohlelo ukulawula, ukushintsha, nokuqapha ukunyakaza komshini.
Namuhla, i-CNC isici esakhelwe ngaphakathi semishini eyahlukahlukene, kusuka kuma-lathes, izigayo, kanye nama-routers kuya ku-wire EDM (imishini yokukhipha ugesi), imishini yokusika i-laser, ne-plasma. Ngaphezu kokuzenzakalela inqubo yokuchofoza nokwenza ngcono ukucacisa, i-CNC isusa imisebenzi yezandla futhi ikhulule abasebenza ngemishini ukwengamela imishini eminingi esebenza ngasikhathi sinye.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma indlela yethuluzi seyakhiwe futhi umshini wahlelwa, ungadlala indima ethile ngezikhathi ezithile. Lokhu kunikeza izinga eliphakeme lokunemba nokuphindeka, okwenza inqubo ibize kakhulu futhi isebenze kalula.
Izinto ezisetshenziswayo
Ezinye izinsimbi ezivame ukwenziwa zifaka i-aluminium, ithusi, ithusi, ithusi, insimbi, i-titanium, ne-zinc. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkuni, igwebu, i-fiberglass, namapulasitiki afana ne-polypropylene nakho kungashintshwa.
Eqinisweni, cishe noma yikuphi ukwaziswa kungasetshenziswa ngokunemba kwe-CNC machining - kunjalo, kuya ngohlelo kanye nezidingo zalo.
Ezinye izinzuzo ngokunemba CNC machining
Ezingxenyeni eziningi ezincane nasezingxenyeni ezisetshenziswa enhlobonhlobo yemikhiqizo ekhiqizwayo, ukucacisa i-CNC machining imvamisa kuyindlela yokuqamba yokuzikhethela.
Njengoba kunjalo cishe kuzo zonke izindlela zokusika nokwenza imishini, izinto ezahlukahlukene ziziphatha ngendlela ehlukile, nosayizi nokuma kwengxenye nakho kunomthelela omkhulu enqubeni. Kodwa-ke, ngokujwayelekile inqubo yokunemba kwemishini ye-CNC inikeza izinzuzo ngaphezu kwezinye izindlela zokuchofoza.
Lokho kungenxa yokuthi i-CNC machining iyakwazi ukuletha:
■ Izinga eliphakeme lobunzima bengxenye
■ Ukubekezelelana okuqinile, imvamisa kusuka ku- ± 0.0002 "(± 0.00508 mm) kuye ku- ± 0.0005" (± 0.0127 mm)
■ ukuqeda indawo ebushelelezi ngokungafani, kufaka phakathi ukuqedela ngokwezifiso
■ Ukuphindeka, noma kungamanani aphezulu
Ngenkathi umshini onekhono esebenzisa i-lathe yesandla ukwenza ingxenye yekhwalithi ngobuningi be-10 noma i-100, kwenzekani lapho udinga izingxenye eziyinkulungwane? Izingxenye 10,000? Izingxenye eziyi-100,000 noma isigidi?
Ngokunemba kwe-CNC machining, ungathola ukusabalalisa nesivinini esidingekayo kulolu hlobo lokukhiqizwa kwevolumu ephezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphindaphinda okuphezulu kokunemba kwe-CNC kukunika izingxenye ezifanayo kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube sekugcineni, noma ngabe ukhiqiza izingxenye ezingaki.
Kunezindlela ezithile ezikhethekile kakhulu ze-CNC machining, kufaka phakathi i-wire EDM (ukukhishwa kwemishini kagesi), imishini yokwengeza, nokuphrinta kwe-3D laser. Isibonelo, i-EDM yocingo isebenzisa izinto zokuhambisa - iminsimbi uqobo-- kanye nokukhishwa kukagesi ukugugula into yokusebenza ibe yimilo eyinkimbinkimbi.
Kodwa-ke, lapha sizogxila kuzinqubo zokugaya nokujika - izindlela ezimbili zokususa ezitholakala kabanzi futhi ezisetshenziselwa ukucubungula i-CNC ngokunemba.
Ukugaya kuqhathaniswa nokujika
Milling inqubo machining esebenzisa ujikelezisa, cylindrical ahlabayo ithuluzi ukususa impahla futhi adale bobunjwa. Imishini yokugaya, eyaziwa njengegayo noma isikhungo semishini, ifeza indawo yonke yama-geometri okuyingxenye eyinkimbinkimbi kwezinye zezinto ezinkulu kakhulu ezenziwe ngomshini.
Isici esibalulekile sokugaya ukuthi i-workpiece ihlala imile ngenkathi ithuluzi lokusika liphotha. Ngamanye amagama, esigayweni, ithuluzi lokusika elijikelezayo lihamba lizungeza okokusebenza, okusala kumiswe endaweni embhedeni.
Ukuguqula inqubo yokusika noma yokwakha into yokusebenza kumishini ebizwa nge-lathe. Imvamisa, i-lathe iphotha into yokusebenza ku-eksisi ebheke phezulu noma enezingqimba ngenkathi ithuluzi lokusika elihleliwe (okungenzeka noma lingazungezi) lihamba eceleni kwe-eksisi ehleliwe.
Ithuluzi alikwazi ukuzungeza ingxenye ebonakalayo. Izinto ziyajikeleza, zivumela ithuluzi ukwenza imisebenzi ehleliwe. (Kukhona i-subset yama-lathes lapho amathuluzi ajikeleza khona ngocingo oluphehlwa nge-spool, kepha-ke, alumboziwe lapha.)
Ngokujika, ngokungafani nokugaya, umsebenzi uyaphotha. Ingxenye yesitoko ivula ilithi lokuphotha le-lathe futhi ithuluzi lokusika lilethwa ekuxhumaneni nomsebenzi.
Manual vs. CNC machining
Ngenkathi zombili izigayo nemishini yokuthwala etholakala kumamodeli wezandla, imishini ye-CNC ifaneleka ngokwengeziwe ngezinhloso zokukhiqiza izingxenye ezincane - enikeza ukwanda nokuphindeka kwezicelo ezidinga ukukhiqizwa kwevolumu ephezulu yezingxenye zokubekezelelana okuqinile.
Ngaphezu kokunikeza imishini elula ye-2-axis lapho ithuluzi lihamba khona kuma-axes we-X no-Z, imishini yokunemba ye-CNC ifaka amamodeli ama-axis amaningi lapho nomsebenzi ungahamba khona. Lokhu kuqhathaniswa ne-lathe lapho umsebenzi usebenza kuphela ekuphothweni futhi amathuluzi azohamba ukudala i-geometry oyifunayo.
Lokhu kulungiswa kwama-axis amaningi kuvumela ukukhiqizwa kwama-geometri ayinkimbinkimbi ekusebenzeni okukodwa, ngaphandle kokudinga umsebenzi owengeziwe opharetha womshini. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokwenza kube lula ukukhiqiza izingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi, kepha futhi kunciphisa noma kususe ithuba lephutha le-opharetha.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwesipholisi somoya ophakeme ngokunemba kwe-CNC kuqinisekisa ukuthi ama-chip awangeni emisebenzini, noma ngabe usebenzisa umshini othini lokuphotha obheke phezulu.
Izigayo ze-CNC
Imishini ehlukile yokugaya iyahluka ngosayizi wayo, ukumiswa kwe-eksisi, amazinga wokuphakelayo, isivinini sokusika, isiqondisi sokuphakelwa kokugaya, nezinye izici.
Kodwa-ke, ngokujwayelekile, izigayo ze-CNC zonke zisebenzisa umshini wokuphotha ojikelezayo ukusika izinto ezingafuneki. Zisetshenziselwa ukusika izinsimbi eziqinile njengensimbi ne-titanium kepha zingasetshenziswa nangezinto ezifana nepulasitiki ne-aluminium.
Izigayo ze-CNC zenzelwe ukuphindeka futhi zingasetshenziselwa yonke into kusuka ekukhutsheni kuze kube ekukhiqizeni ivolumu ephezulu. High-end ngokunemba CNC izigayo zivame ukusetshenziselwa umsebenzi wokubekezelelana okuqinile njengokugaya kufa okufa kanye nesikhunta.
Ngenkathi i-CNC milling ingaletha ukujika okuisheshayo, ukuqeda okugayiwe kwakha izingxenye ezinamamaki amathuluzi abonakalayo. Ingase futhi ikhiqize izingxenye ezinamaphethelo abukhali nama-burrs, ngakho-ke izinqubo ezingeziwe zingadingeka uma imiphetho kanye ne-burrs zingamukeleki kulezo zici.
Vele, amathuluzi wokuphola ahlelwe ngokulandelana azokonakala, yize kuvame ukufeza ama-90% wemfuneko eqediwe kakhulu, kusale ezinye izici zokuqedela ngesandla sokugcina.
Ngokuqondene nokuqedwa kobuso, kunamathuluzi azokhiqiza hhayi kuphela ukuphela komhlaba okwamukelekayo, kepha futhi nesiphetho esifana nesibuko ezingxenyeni zomkhiqizo womsebenzi.
Izinhlobo zezigayo ze-CNC
Izinhlobo ezimbili eziyisisekelo zemishini yokugaya yaziwa njengezikhungo zokumisa mpo nezindawo zokuvundlisela eziqondile, lapho umehluko oyinhloko usekujuleni kokuphotha komshini.
Isikhungo sokumisa mpo siyigayo lapho i-eksisi yokuphotha iqondaniswe nesiqondiso se-Z-axis. Le mishini emi mpo ingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili:
■ Izigayo zombhede, lapho uthi lokuphotha luhamba luqonde ngqo eksisi lalo ngenkathi itafula lihamba libheke ngqo ku-eksisi yokuphotha
■ Izigayo zeTurret, lapho uthi lokuphotha lumile khona netafula lihanjiswa ukuze lihlale libukeka futhi lifana ne-eksisi lokuphotha ngesikhathi sokusika
Esikhungweni semishini esivundlile, i-eksisi yokuphotha yesigayo iqondaniswe nesiqondisi se-Y-axis. Isakhiwo esivundlile sisho ukuthi lezi zigayo zivame ukuthatha isikhala esithe xaxa esitolo sesitolo semishini; futhi zinesisindo ngokuvamile futhi zinamandla kakhulu kunemishini emi mpo.
Kugaya okuvundlile kuvame ukusetshenziswa lapho kudingeka ukuphela okungcono komhlaba; lokho kungenxa yokuthi ukuma kwesipina sokuphotha kusho ukuthi ama-chips wokusika ngokwemvelo ayawa futhi asuswe kalula. (Njengenzuzo eyengeziwe, ukususwa kahle kwe-chip kusiza ukukhulisa impilo yethuluzi.)
Ngokuvamile, izikhungo zemishini ezimile zivame kakhulu ngoba zingaba namandla njengezikhungo zemishini ezivundlile futhi zingaphatha izingxenye ezincane kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izikhungo eziqonde mpo zinezinyathelo ezincanyana kunezikhungo zemishini enezingqimba.
Izigayo ze-CNC eziningi
Izikhungo zokugaya ze-Precision CNC ziyatholakala ngezimbazo eziningi. Isigayo se-3-eksisi sisebenzisa izimbazo ze-X, Y, ne-Z ukwenza umsebenzi ohlukahlukene. Ngesigayo se-4-eksisi, umshini ungazungeza kwi-eksisi eqondile futhi evundlile bese uhambisa indawo yokusebenza ukuze uvumele imishini eqhubekayo.
Isigayo se-5-axis sinamazembe amathathu wendabuko kanye nama-axis amabili angeziwe wokujikeleza, okwenza i-workpiece ijikelezwe njengoba ikhanda lokuphotha lihamba lizungeza. Lokhu kunika amandla izinhlangothi ezinhlanu zesakhi sokusebenza ukuthi zenziwe ngomshini ngaphandle kokukhipha okokusebenza nokusetha kabusha umshini.
Lathes CNC
I-lathe - ebizwa nangokuthi isikhungo sokujika - inesiphothi esisodwa noma eziningi, nezimbazo ze-X ne-Z. Umshini usetshenziselwa ukuzungeza okokusebenza ku-eksisi yawo ukwenza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene yokusika nokubumba, kusetshenziswa amathuluzi amaningi ku-workpiece.
Lathes CNC, abizwa nangokuthi bukhoma action tooling lathes, kukhona ekahle ngokudala izingxenye symmetrical cylindrical noma eyindilinga. Njengezigayo ze-CNC, izintambo ze-CNC zingaphatha imisebenzi emincane efana ne-prototyping kepha futhi ingasethwa ukuphindaphindwa okuphezulu, isekela ukukhiqizwa kwevolumu ephezulu.
CNC lathes kungabuye isethwe ukukhiqizwa kuqhathaniswa hands-free, okwenza kube kabanzi ezimbonini yezimoto, electronics, Aerospace, amarobhothi, futhi zezokwelapha.
Isebenza kanjani i-lathe ye-CNC
Nge-lathe ye-CNC, ibha engenalutho yempahla yesitoko ilayishwa ku-chuck yesiphini se-lathe. Le chuck ibamba indawo yokusebenza ngesikhathi sokuphotha kuzungeza. Lapho uthi lokuphotha lufinyelela esivinini esidingekayo, ithuluzi lokusika elimile liyabanjwa nomsebenzi wokusebenzela ukususa okokusebenza nokufeza i-geometry elungile.
I-lathe ye-CNC ingenza imisebenzi eminingana, njengokubhola, ukuchusha, ukubhoreka, ukuvula kabusha, ukubhekana nokujika kwe-taper. Ukusebenza okuhlukile kudinga ushintsho lwamathuluzi futhi kungakhuphula izindleko nesikhathi sokusetha.
Lapho yonke imisebenzi edingekayo yokwenza imishini isiqediwe, ingxenye iyasikwa esitokweni ukuze kuqhutshekwe kusetshenzwe, uma kudingeka. I-lathe ye-CNC isilungele ukuphinda ukusebenza, kunesikhathi esingeziwe noma esingeziwe sokusetha esivame ukudingeka phakathi.
Izinsimbi ze-CNC nazo zingakwazi ukufaka izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokuphakelwa kwebha okuzenzakalelayo, okunciphisa inani lokuphathwa kwempahla eluhlaza okwenziwe ngesandla futhi inikeze izinzuzo ezifana nokulandelayo:
■ Nciphisa isikhathi nomzamo odingekayo ku-opharetha womshini
■ Sekela isibambiso ukunciphisa ukudlidlizela okungathikameza ukunemba
■ Vumela ithuluzi lomshini ukuthi lisebenze ngejubane elikhulu lokuphotha
■ Nciphisa izikhathi zoshintsho
■ Nciphisa udoti wezinto ezibonakalayo
Izinhlobo CNC lathes
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo ezihlukanisiwe, kepha ezivame kakhulu zingu-2-axis CNC lathes kanye ne-China-style lathes lathes.
Iningi le-CNC China lathes lisebenzisa okokuphotha okukodwa noma okubili okuyisisekelo kanye nokwakhiwa kokuphotha okukodwa noma okubili (noma kwesibili), ngokudluliswa okujikelezayo okunomthwalo wangaphambili. Uthi lokuphotha main wenza eyinhloko machining ukusebenza, ngosizo bushing umhlahlandlela.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izihlakala zesitayela saseChina ziza zihlonyiswe ngekhanda lamathuluzi lesibili elisebenza njengegayo le-CNC.
Nge-lathe ye-CNC yesitayela se-othomathikhi, okokusebenza kwesitoko kudliswa ngesilayidi sekhanda esishelelayo esihlahleni somhlahlandlela. Lokhu kuvumela ithuluzi ukuthi lisike okokusebenza eduze nendawo lapho okuqukethwe kusekelwa khona, okwenza umshini waseChina uzuzise ngokukhethekile izingxenye ezinde, ezincanyana eziphendukile kanye ne-micromachining.
I-Multi-axis CNC izikhungo zokuguqula kanye ne-China-style lathes ingafeza imisebenzi eminingi yemishini isebenzisa umshini owodwa. Lokhu kubenza inketho engabizi kakhulu yamajometri ayinkimbinkimbi angafuna imishini eminingi noma ushintsho lwamathuluzi kusetshenziswa imishini efana nesigayo sendabuko se-CNC.