I-Epoxy Granite, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Synthetic Granite, iyingxubevange ye-epoxy ne-granite evame ukusetshenziswa njengenye impahla yezisekelo zamathuluzi womshini. I-epoxy granite isetshenziswa esikhundleni se-iron nensimbi yokudonswa okungcono okungcono, impilo yamathuluzi ende, kanye nezindleko zomhlangano eziphansi.
Ithuluzi Lomshini
Amathuluzi womshini neminye imishini enokunemba ephezulu ancike ekuqineni okuphezulu, ukuqina kwesikhathi eside, kanye nezimpawu ezinhle kakhulu zokuphamba kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo zokusebenza kwazo eziqinile nokuguquguquka. Izinto zokwakha ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zalezi zinhlaka zisakazwa i-iron, ama-weldied steel, kanye ne-granite yemvelo. Ngenxa yokuntuleka kokuqina kwesikhathi eside kanye nezakhiwo ezimbi kakhulu ezihlukunyezwe, izakhiwo ezisetshenziswe zensimbi azivamile ukusetshenziswa lapho kudingeka khona ukunemba okuphezulu. I-Iron Esezingeni Eliphezulu Esezingeni Elikhulu Elidezeke futhi i-Annealed izonikeza ukuqina kobukhulu obunobukhulu, futhi ingaphonswa bobunjwa obuyinkimbinkimbi, kepha idinga inqubo ebizayo yemishini yokwenza izindawo zokunemba ngemuva kokuphonsa izinto ngemuva kokuphonsa.
I-granite yemvelo esezingeni elifanele iya ngokuya iba nzima ukuyithola, kepha inesisindo esiphakeme kakhulu kune-iron iron. Futhi, njengokuthi nge-cast iron, imishini yemishini yemvelo iyasebenza kanzima futhi iyabiza.
I-Precision Granite Castings ikhiqizwa ngokuxubha ama-granite aggregates (achotshozwe, ahlanzwa, futhi omisiwe) ngohlelo lwe-epoxy resin ekushiseni okukhona (okungukuthi, inqubo yokulapha onamakhaza). I-Quartz aggregate filler nayo ingasetshenziswa ekwakhiweni. Ukuhlanganiswa okuvelelayo ngesikhathi senqubo yokubumba ipakisha ngokuqinile ndawonye.
Ukufakwa okufakiwe, amapuleti ensimbi, namapayipi apholile angaphonswa ngaphakathi ngesikhathi sokuphonsa. Ukufinyelela izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokuguquguquka okuhlukahlukene, ojantshi bezindlela eziqondile, izindlela zesilayidi zomhlaba kanye nezindawo zezimoto zingaphindwa noma zigxishwe - ngakho-ke kuqeda isidingo semishini ye-post-cast. Ukuqedwa komhlaba kokuphonswa kwenkambiso kulungile njengendawo yokubumba.
Izinzuzo nobubi
Izinzuzo zifaka:
■ ukudliwa kwe-vibration.
■ Ukuvumelana nezimo: izindlela zomelana nemibala ngokwezifiso, amathangi we-hydraulic fluid, ukufakwa okufakwayo, ukusika uketshezi, namapayipi ama-conduit wonke angahlanganiswa esisekelweni se-polymer.
■ Ukufakwa kokufakwa njll. Kuvumela imishini encishisiwe kakhulu yokuphonswa okuqediwe.
■ Isikhathi somhlangano sincishiswa ngokufaka izakhi eziningi ekukhishweni okukodwa.
■ Akudingi ubukhulu onqenqemeni, ukuvumela ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwesisekelo sakho.
■ Ukumelana kwamakhemikhali kuma-solvents ajwayelekile, ama-acid, alkali, kanye nokusika uketshezi.
■ Akudingi ukupenda.
■ Inhlanganisela inobunzima obufana ne-aluminium (kepha izingcezu zikhulu ukufezekisa amandla afanayo).
■ Inqubo yokuphonswa kokhonkolo ye-composite polymer isebenzisa amandla amancane kakhulu kunokukhonkotha kwensimbi. Ama-polymer cast resins asebenzisa amandla amancane kakhulu ukukhiqiza, futhi inqubo yokuphonsa yenziwa emazingeni okushisa asekamelweni.
Izinto ze-epoxy granite zinesici sokudangala esingaphakathi ezifinyelela ezikhathini eziyishumi kangcono kune-iron yensimbi, kuze kube kathathu kangcono kune-granite yemvelo, futhi kuze kube ngamashumi amathathu angcono kunesakhiwo sensimbi. Akuthinteki ngabakwa-Coolants, inokuqina okuhle kwesikhathi eside, ukuqina okuthuthukile, ukuqina okuphezulu nokuqina okunamandla, ukumuncwa okuhle komsindo, nokucindezela kwangaphakathi okungathandeki.
Okubi kubandakanya amandla aphansi ezingxenyeni ezincanyana (ngaphansi kuka-1 ku (25 mm)), amandla aphansi aphansi, kanye nokuphikiswa okuphansi okuvezwayo.
Isingeniso kuma-mineral casting ozimele
I-mineral-casting ingenye yezinto ezisebenza kahle kakhulu, zanamuhla zokwakha. Abakhiqizi bemishini enokunemba babephakathi kwamaphayona asebenzisa ukusakazwa kwamaminerali. Namuhla, ukusetshenziswa kwayo maqondana nemishini yokugaya kwe-CNC, ukucindezela kwe-Drill, ama-grinders kanye nemishini yokulahla kagesi kukhuphuke, futhi izinzuzo azikhawulelwe emishini esheshayo.
Ukuphonswa kwamaminerali, kubhekiselwa kuzo njengento e-epoxy granite impahla, ama-composes ama-mineral fillers afana namatshe amatshe, isihlabathi se-quartz, isidlo se-glaarz, isidlo sezinhlamvu ezibuthaka. Okuqukethwe kuxutshaniswe ngokuya ngokucaciswa okuqondile futhi kwathela kubanda kubanda. Isisekelo esiqinile yisisekelo sempumelelo!
Amathuluzi omshini wezwe-we-art-we-art kumele agijime ngokushesha nangokushesha, futhi anikeze ngokunemba okwengeziwe kunangaphambili. Kodwa-ke, isivinini sokuhamba esiphakeme kanye nemishini esindayo yomsebenzi osindayo khiqiza ukudlidliza okungafuneki kohlaka lomshini. Lokhu kudlidliza kuzoba nemiphumela emibi ebusweni, futhi banciphise impilo yamathuluzi. Amafreyimu amaminerali anciphisa ngokushesha ukunciphisa ukudlidliza - cishe izikhathi ezi-6 ngokushesha kunamafreyimu we-cast-iron kanye nezikhathi eziyi-10 ngokushesha kunamafreyimu wensimbi.
Amathuluzi womshini ngemibhede yokuphonsa amaminerali, njengemishini yokugaya kanye ne-grinder, zinembe kakhulu futhi zithola ikhwalithi ephezulu yendawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugqokwa kwamathuluzi kuncishiswa kakhulu futhi kunwetshwa impilo yenkonzo.
Amaminerali angama-composite (epoxy granite) Uhlaka lokuphonsa luletha izinzuzo eziningana::
- Ukubumba Nokuqina: Inqubo yokuphonsa amaminerali ihlinzeka ngezinga elihlukile lenkululeko maqondana nokwakheka kwezingxenye. Izici ezithile zezinto ezibonakalayo nezenqubo ziphumela ngamandla aphezulu ngokuqhathaniswa nesisindo esiphansi kakhulu.
- Ukuhlanganiswa kwengqalasizinda: Inqubo yokuphonsa amaminerali inika amandla okuhlanganiswa okulula kwesakhiwo kanye nezinto ezingeziwe ezifana nemigwaqo, ukufakwa okufakwayo kanye nokuxhumana kwezinsizakalo.
- Ukukhiqizwa kwezinhlaka zemishini eyinkimbinkimbi
- Ukunemba kobukhulu obunobukhulu bezomnotho: Ezimweni eziningi izakhi ze-castral zezinkomba ziphonswa ezicini zokugcina ngoba cishe akukho okukhokhwayo kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokuqina. Ngalesi, izinqubo zokuqeda ezibizayo ezingaqedwa.
- Ukunemba: Isethenjwa esinembile kakhulu noma indawo esekelayo itholakala ngokugaya okwengeziwe, kwakha ukusebenza noma ukugaya. Njengomphumela walokhu, imiqondo eminingi yomshini ingaqashwa kahle nangendlela efanele.
- Ukuqina okuhle okushisayo: Ukuphonsa kwamaminerali kusabela kancane kancane ekushintsheni kwezinga lokushisa ngoba ukusebenza okushisayo kuphansi kakhulu kunezinto zensimbi. Ngalesi sizathu izinguquko zokushisa ezifundwayo zesikhashana zinethonya elincane ngokunemba kokunemba kwethuluzi lomshini. Ukuqina okungcono kwe-thermal komshini womshini kusho i-geometry ephelele yomshini igcinwa kangcono futhi, ngenxa yalokho, amaphutha ejometri ayancishiswa.
- Akukho ukuthuthuka: Izingxenye zamageroli-asazomelana namafutha, okupholile kanye nezinye iziphuzo ezinolaka.
- Ukuncipha okukhulu kwe-phyration ukuze uthole izimpilo zenkonzo ende ye-TORT Lifes: Ukuphonsa kwethu kwamaminerali kufinyelela kumanani angcono we-10x wokudlidliza kuthambekele kunensimbi noma i-iron yensimbi. Ngenxa yalezi zici, kutholakala ukuqina okunamandla kakhulu kwesakhiwo somshini. Izinzuzo zokuthi lokhu kubakhi bethuluzi lomshini kanye nabasebenzisi kucacile: ikhwalithi engcono yokuqedwa komhlaba okuphelele kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo noma zezinkundla zempi kanye nokuphila kwamathuluzi okude okuholela ezindlekweni eziphansi zokuthola amathuluzi.
- Imvelo: Umthelela wezemvelo ngesikhathi sokuya kwenziwa.
Uhlaka lwe-mineral casting vs cast iron Frame
Bona ngezansi izinzuzo zohlaka lwethu olusha lwe-vs cast iron iron ngaphambilini olusetshenzisiwe:
| Ukuphonsa kwamaminerali (i-epoxy granite) | Insimbi | |
| Umondu | -Phezulu | -Ehlile |
| Ukusebenza kokushisa | Ukuvuselelwa okuphansi kokushisa kanye ne-spec ephezulu. ukushisa okukhiqiza | Ukushisa okuphezulu okuphezulu kanye ephansi. umthamo wokushisa |
| Izingxenye ezishumekiwe | Idizayini engenamkhawulo kanye Isikhunta esisodwa futhi ukuxhumana okungenamqondo | Imishini edingekayo |
| Ukumelana nokugqwala | Okuphezulu okuphezulu | -Ehlile |
| -Yimzukeni Ubungane | Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi | Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphezulu |
Ukugcina
Ukuphonsa kwamaminerali kulungele izakhiwo zethu zomshini we-CNC. Inikeza izinzuzo zezobuchwepheshe ezicacile, ezomnotho nezemvelo. Ubuchwepheshe be-Mineral Casting bunikeza ukujuluka okuhle kakhulu kwe-vibrate, ukumelana kwamakhemikhali aphezulu nezinzuzo ezibalulekile ze-thermal (ukunwebeka okushisayo okufana nensimbi). Izinto zokuxhuma, izintambo, izinkundla zezinzwa kanye nezinhlelo zokulinganisa zonke zingathululelwa zonke ibandla.
Yiziphi izinzuzo ze-Mineral Casting Granite Bend Machching Center?
Ama-mineral castings (ukhonkolo we-granite we-stanite axa resin) amukelwe kabanzi embonini yamathuluzi omshini isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka engama-30 njengezinto ezihlelekile.
Ngokusho kwezibalo, eYurophu, elinye lawo wonke amathuluzi emishini ayi-10 lisebenzisa amathuluzi amaminerali njengombhede. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwesipiliyoni esingafanele, imininingwane engaphelele noma engalungile ingaholela ekusolisweni nasebandlululweni ngokumelene nokukhululwa kwamaminerali. Ngakho-ke, lapho wenza imishini emisha, kuyadingeka ukuhlaziya izinzuzo nokubi kwama-mineral castings futhi uyiqhathanise nezinye izinto.
Isisekelo semishini yokwakha ngokuvamile sihlukaniswe nge-Iron Iron, i-Mineral Casting (Polymer kanye / noma i-Resin Resin ukhonkolo), isakhiwo sensimbi / se-welding (i-grouting / i-granite) netshe lemvelo (njenge-granite). Indwangu ngayinye inezimpawu zayo, futhi akukho zinto eziphelele zesakhiwo. Kuphela ngokuhlola izinzuzo nokubi kwezinto zokwenziwa ngokuya ngezidingo ezithile zesakhiwo, kungakhethwa yini izinto ezinhle kakhulu zezinhlelo.
Imisebenzi emibili ebalulekile yezinto zokwehlela - qinisekisa ukufakwa kwejometri, isikhundla kanye nokutholwa kwamandla kwezakhi, ngokulandelana izidingo zokusebenza (ukunemba, ukuqina, izidingo zomhlahlandlela), izidingo zodonga (intengo, inani, ukutholakala, izici zohlelo).
I. Izidingo Zokusebenza Zokusebenza Kwezinkampani
1. Izici ze-Static
Isikhombi sokukala izakhiwo ze-tuli zivame ukuqina kokuqina okungokwezinto ezibonakalayo ngaphansi komthwalo, kunokuba namandla aphezulu. Ukuze uthole ukonakala kwe-static elastic, ama-mineral castings angacatshangwa njenge-isotropic homegeneous sonto elalela umthetho kaHooke.
I-density kanye ne-modulus ye-elastic ye-mineral castings ngokulandelana ayi-1/3 yaleyo ye-cast iron. Kusukela amaminerali athutha kanye ne-cast irons inokuqina okufanayo, ngaphansi kwesisindo esifanayo, ubulukhuni bezinkulungwane zensimbi kanye nokusakazeka kwamaminerali kuyafana ngaphandle kokucabanga ngethonya lesimo. Ezimweni eziningi, ukuhlukaniswa kodonga lokuklama kwe-mineral castings kuvame ukuba izikhathi ezi-3 zokukhokhiswa kwensimbi, futhi lo mklamo ngeke ubangele izinkinga ngokuya ngezakhiwo zemishini zomkhiqizo noma zokuphonsa. Izinkomba zamaminerali zilungele ukusebenza ezindaweni ezi-static eziphethe ingcindezi (isib. Imibhede, izisekelo, amakholomu) futhi azifanele amakhamu ancishisiwe kanye / noma amatafula, amatafula, ama-palles, ama-prothers, ama-spindles asekelwa). Isisindo sezingxenye ezakhiwe ngezakhiwo sivame ukukhawulelwa imishini yabakhiqizi be-mineral casting, kanye nemikhiqizo yokuphonsa amaminerali ngaphezulu kwamathani ayi-15 ngokuvamile ayivelakancane.
2. Izici ezinamandla
Ijubane elikhulu elijikelezayo kanye / noma ukusheshisa shaft, kubaluleke kakhulu ukusebenza komshini. Ukuma okusheshayo, ukushintshwa kwamathuluzi okusheshayo, nokuphakelwa okuphezulu okuphezulu ngokuqhubekayo kuqinisa ukubuyiselwa kwemishini nokuthokoza okunamandla kwezingxenye zokwakheka komshini. Ngaphezu kokwakhiwa okuyisici kwengxenye, ukwehla, ukusatshalaliswa kweMisa, kanye nokuqina okunamandla kwengxenye kuthinteka kakhulu yizindawo eziphoqelelayo zezinto ezibonakalayo.
Ukusetshenziswa kwemali yamaminerali kunikeza isixazululo esihle kulezi zinkinga. Ngoba idonsa ama-vibrations amahlandla ayi-10 kangcono kunensimbi yendabuko yendabuko, inganciphisa kakhulu i-amplitude nemvamisa yemvelo.
Ekusebenzeni kwemishini okufana nemishini efana nemishini, kungaletha ukunemba okuphezulu, ikhwalithi ephezulu yendawo, kanye nempilo yamathuluzi ende. Ngasikhathi sinye, ngokuya ngomthelela womsindo, ama-mineral castings futhi enze kahle ngokuqhathanisa nokuqinisekiswa kwezisekelo, ukuhambisa izinhlaka kanye nezesekeli zezinto ezahlukahlukene zezinjini ezinkulu namasenti. Ngokusho kokuhlaziywa komsindo wethonya, ukukhonkotha kwamaminerali kungafinyelela ukuncishiswa kwasendaweni okungu-20% ezingeni lokucindezela komsindo.
3. Izakhiwo ezishisayo
Ochwepheshe balinganisela ukuthi cishe ama-80% okuphambuka kwamathuluzi womshini kubangelwa yimiphumela eshisayo. Inqubo yokuphazamiseka njengemithombo yokushisa yangaphakathi noma yangaphandle, ukusabalalisa, ukuguqula izindawo zokusebenza, njll zonke izimbangela zokuguqulwa kwe-thermal. Ukuze ukwazi ukukhetha izinto ezinhle kakhulu, kuyadingeka ukucacisa izidingo ezibonakalayo. Ukushisa okuningana nokushisa okuphansi okushisayo kuvumela ama-arealings amaminerali ukuba abe ne-inertia enhle ye-inertia yokushisa amathonya okushisa (njengokushintsha kwemisebenzi yokushintshana) kanye nokushintsha kokushisa okukhona. Uma kudingeka inzalo esheshayo njengombhede wensimbi noma izinga lokushisa lombhede livinjelwe, ukufudumeza noma amadivaysi okupholisa kungaphonswa ngokuqondile ekuphoqekeni kwamaminerali ukulawula izinga lokushisa. Usebenzisa lolu hlobo lwedivaysi yokunxeshezelwa kokushisa kunganciphisa ukwehla okubangelwa yithonya lokushisa kwezinga lokushisa, okusiza ukuthuthukisa ukunemba ngezindleko ezinengqondo.
II. Izidingo ezisebenzayo nezakhiwo
Ubuqotho yisici esihlukanisayo esihlukanisa ama-mineral castlings avela kwezinye izinto. Ukushisa okuphezulu kokuphonsa kwezikhundla amaminerali kungu-45 ° C, futhi kanye nokubumba okunembile okuphezulu kanye nokutholwa kwamathuluzi, izingxenye kanye nokukhishwa kwamaminerali kungaphonswa ndawonye.
Amasu athuthukisiwe wokuphonsa kabusha angasetshenziswa futhi ezincelweni zokuphonsa amaminerali, okuholele ezindaweni eziphakeme zokukhwela kanye nesitimela ezingadingi mabhuku. Njengezinye izinto zokwakha, izinkambo zamaminerali zingaphansi kwemithetho ethile yokwakheka kwesakhiwo. Ukuqina kodonga, izesekeli ezithwala umthwalo, ukufakwa kwamanje, ukulayisha nokulayisha izindlela konke kwehlukile kwezinye izinto ngezinga elithile, futhi kudingeka kubhekwe ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngesikhathi sokuqamba.
III. Izidingo Zezimali
Ngenkathi kubalulekile ukubheka kusuka eqophelweni lobuchwepheshe, ukusebenza kwezindleko kuya ngokuya kukhombisa ukubaluleka kwayo. Kusetshenziswa ama-mineral castings kuvumela onjiniyela ukuthi balondoloze ukukhiqizwa okubalulekile nezindleko zokusebenza. Ngaphezu kokonga izindlekoma machishini, ukusakaza, umhlangano wokugcina, kanye nokwanda kwezindleko zokwanela (ukugcinwa kwempahla nokuhamba) konke kuncishisiwe ngokufanele. Uma kucatshangelwa umsebenzi osezingeni eliphakeme lokudonswa kwamaminerali, kufanele kubhekwe njengephrojekthi yonke. Eqinisweni, kunengqondo ukwenza ukuqhathanisa kwentengo lapho isisekelo sifakiwe noma sifakwe ngaphambili. Izindleko eziphakeme kakhulu zokuqala yizindleko zezikhunta zokuphonswa kwamaminerali kanye namathuluzi, kepha lezi zindleko zingahlanjululwa ekusetshenzisweni kwesikhathi eside (izicucu ezi-500-1000 / isikhunta sonyaka (kanye nokusetshenziswa konyaka kucishe kube yizicucu eziyi-10-16.
IV. Ububanzi bokusebenzisa
Njengezinto ezihlelekile, ama-mineral castings ahlala esikhundleni sokubuyiselwa izinto zendabuko ngokwesakhiwo, futhi ukhiye wokuthuthuka kwawo okusheshayo ulele ekukhokhisweni kwamaminerali, isikhunta, nezinhlaka ezizinzile zokubopha. Njengamanje, ama-mineral castings asetshenziswe kabanzi emasimini amaningi emishini emishini efana nemishini yokugaya kanye nemishini esezingeni eliphakeme. Abakhiqizi bemishini yokugaya kube amaphayona emkhakheni wamathuluzi womshini besebenzisa ama-mineral castings yemibhede yomshini. Isibonelo, izinkampani ezidume umhlaba wonke ezinjenge-Aba Z & B, Bahmler, Jung, Mikrosa, Sched, tude, njll.
Ngokwanda njalo okunamandla, izinkambo zamaminerali nazo ziyathandwa yizinkampani ezihola phambili emhlabeni emkhakheni wama-grinders wamathuluzi. Umbhede wokuphonsa amaminerali unobulukhuni obuhle kakhulu futhi ungasusa kahle amandla okubangelwa ukusheshisa kwemoto eqondile. Ngasikhathi sinye, inhlanganisela ye-organic yokusebenza okuhle kwe-villaaration yokungenisa kanye nemoto yemoto eqondile ingathuthukisa kakhulu ikhwalithi ephezulu yokwenziwa kwempilo kanye nempilo yenkonzo yesondo lokugaya.
Ngokuqondene nengxenye eyodwa. Ngaphakathi kwe-10000mm yobude kulula kithi.
Yini ubuncane obuncane bodonga?
Ngokuvamile, ubukhulu besigaba esiphansi sesisekelo somshini kufanele okungenani kube ngu-60mm. Izigaba ezincanyana (isib. 10mm ubukhulu) zingaphonswa ngosayizi abahlangene nobukhulu.
Ukukala okushisa ngemuva kokuthulula kumayelana ne-0.1-0.3mm nge-1000mm. Lapho kudingeka izingxenye eziningi zemishini zokuphonsa amaminerali, ukubekezelelana kungatholwa ngokugaya kwama-CNC wesibili, ukugcotshwa kwesandla, noma ezinye izinqubo mailmailsing.
Izinto zethu zokuphonsa amaminerali zikhetha imvelo uJinan Black Granite. Iningi lezinkampani vele likhethe i-granite yemvelo ejwayelekile noma itshe elijwayelekile ekwakheni ukwakhiwa.
Izinto zokwakha ezivukiwe
· Formula: ngama-resins we-epoxy aqinisiwe aqinisiwe kanye nezithasiselo, izingxenye ezahlukahlukene ezisebenzisa ukwakheka okuhlukile ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle okuphelele;
Izakhiwo ezenziwa ngeMishini: Ukutholwa kwe-vibration kungamahlandla ayi-10 e-Iron Iron, ama-static athambile nezakhiwo ezinamandla;
Izakhiwo ezenziwayo: Ubukhulu bucishe libe ngu-1/3 we-cast iron, izindawo eziphakeme ezishisayo ezishisayo kunezinsimbi, hhayi i-hygroscopic, ukuqina okuhle okushisayo;
· Izakhiwo Zamakhemikhali: Ukumelana nokugqwala okuphezulu kunezinsimbi, ubungane bezemvelo;
Ukunemba kobukhulu: Ukuwohloka okuqondile ngemuva kokusakazeka kumayelana no-0.1-0.3㎜ / m, ifomu eliphakeme kakhulu kanye nokunemba kuzo zonke izindiza;
· Ubuqotho besakhiwo: Isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu singaphonswa, ngenkathi usebenzisa i-Natural Granite ngokuvamile kudinga ukuhlangana, ukuhlukaniswa nokubopha izibopho;
· Ukusabela okushisayo okushisayo: Ukuphendula izinguquko zokushisa isikhashana zihamba kancane kakhulu futhi kuncane kakhulu;
Ukufakwa okufakiwe okushumekiwe: Ama-fasteners, amapayipi, izintambo namakamelo angafakwa esakhiweni, afake izinto zokwakha kubandakanya insimbi, itshe, ubumba kanye nepulasitiki njll.