I-Precision Machining iyinqubo yokususa okokusebenza kucezu lokusebenza ngesikhathi sokubamba ukuqedwa kokubekezelelana okuseduze.Umshini wokunemba unezinhlobo eziningi, okuhlanganisa ukugaya, ukujika kanye nomshini wokukhipha ugesi.Umshini onembayo namuhla ngokuvamile ulawulwa kusetshenziswa i-Computer Numerical Controls (CNC).
Cishe yonke imikhiqizo yensimbi isebenzisa imishini enembile, njengoba kwenza ezinye izinto eziningi ezifana nepulasitiki nokhuni.Le mishini isetshenziswa omashini abakhethekile nabaqeqeshiwe.Ukuze ithuluzi lokusika lenze umsebenzi walo, kufanele lihanjiswe ngendlela ecacisiwe ukuze lisike ngendlela efanele.Lokhu kunyakaza okuyinhloko kubizwa ngokuthi "ijubane lokusika."I-workpiece ingaphinde ihanjiswe, eyaziwa ngokuthi ukunyakaza kwesibili "kokuphakelayo."Ngokuhlangene, lokhu kunyakaza kanye nobukhali bethuluzi lokusika kuvumela umshini wokunemba ukuthi usebenze.
Ukwenza ukunemba kwekhwalithi kudinga ikhono lokulandela amapulani acaciswe ngokwedlulele enziwe i-CAD (umklamo osizwa yikhompyutha) noma izinhlelo ze-CAM (ukukhiqiza okusizwa yikhompyutha) njenge-AutoCAD ne-TurboCAD.Isofthiwe ingasiza ekukhiqizeni imidwebo eyinkimbinkimbi, engu-3-dimensional noma uhlaka oludingekayo ukuze kwenziwe ithuluzi, umshini noma into.Le miklamo kufanele ilandelwe ngemininingwane eminingi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi umkhiqizo ugcina ubuqotho bawo.Nakuba izinkampani eziningi zemishini enembayo zisebenza ngohlobo oluthile lwezinhlelo ze-CAD/CAM, zisasebenza njalo ngemidwebo edwetshwe ngesandla ezigabeni zokuqala zomklamo.
Ukucofa imishini kusetshenziswa ezintweni eziningi ezihlanganisa insimbi, ithusi, igraphite, ingilazi namapulasitiki ukubala ezimbalwa.Ngokuya ngosayizi wephrojekthi kanye nezinto ezizosetshenziswa, amathuluzi ahlukahlukene okwenza ngokunemba azosetshenziswa.Noma iyiphi inhlanganisela yamalathe, imishini yokugaya, imishini yokubhoboza, amasaha nezigayo, ngisho namarobhothi anesivinini esikhulu angasetshenziswa.Imboni ye-aerospace ingase isebenzise imishini yesivinini esiphezulu, kuyilapho imboni yokwenza amathuluzi okhuni ingase isebenzise izinqubo ze-photo-chemical etching kanye nokugaya.Ukuphuma kokugijima, noma inani elithile lanoma iyiphi into ethile, lingaba ezinkulungwaneni, noma libe ezimbalwa.Ukwenza imishini enembile ngokuvamile kudinga ukuhlelwa kwamadivayisi e-CNC okusho ukuthi alawulwa ngezinombolo zekhompyutha.Idivayisi ye-CNC ivumela ubukhulu obuqondile ukuthi bulandelwe ngesikhathi sokwenziwa komkhiqizo.
Ukugaya kuyinqubo yomshini yokusebenzisa izisiki ezijikelezayo ukuze zisuse izinto ezibonakalayo kucezu lokusebenza ngokuthuthukisa (noma ngokuphakela) isisiki singene endaweni yokusebenza ngendlela ethile.I-cutter ingase futhi ibanjwe nge-engeli ehlobene ne-eksisi yethuluzi.Ukugaywa kuhlanganisa imisebenzi nemishini eyahlukene, esikalini kusukela ezingxenyeni ezihlukene ngazinye kuya emisebenzini emikhulu yokugaya yamaqembu ezigelekeqe.Kungenye yezinqubo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ukwenza izingxenye zangokwezifiso ukuze zibekezelelane ngokuqondile.
Ukugaya kungenziwa ngezinhlobonhlobo zamathuluzi omshini.Isigaba sokuqala samathuluzi omshini wokugaya kwakuwumshini wokugaya (ovame ukubizwa ngokuthi isigayo).Ngemuva kokufika kokulawulwa kwezinombolo zekhompiyutha (CNC), imishini yokugaya yaguqukela ezikhungweni zokwenza imishini: imishini yokugaya inyuswe izishintshi zamathuluzi ezizenzakalelayo, omagazini bamathuluzi noma ama-carousels, amandla e-CNC, amasistimu wokupholisa, nezivalo.Izikhungo zokugaya ngokuvamile zihlukaniswa njengezikhungo zokukhanda eziqondile (VMCs) noma izikhungo zokukhanda ezivundlile (ama-HMC).
Ukuhlanganiswa kokugaya ezindaweni eziphendukayo, futhi okuphambene nalokho, kwaqala ngokusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi okubukhoma kwamalebula kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezigayo ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze kuguqulwe imisebenzi.Lokhu kuholele ekilasini elisha lamathuluzi omshini, imishini yokwenza izinto eziningi (MTMs), eyakhelwe inhloso ukusiza ukugaya nokuphenduka ngaphakathi kwemvilophu yomsebenzi efanayo.
Konjiniyela bokuklama, amaqembu e-R&D, nabakhiqizi abancike ekutholeni ingxenye, ukunemba kwemishini ye-CNC kuvumela ukudalwa kwezingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi ngaphandle kokucubungula okwengeziwe.Eqinisweni, ukunemba kwemishini ye-CNC kuvame ukwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuthi izingxenye eziqediwe zenziwe emshinini owodwa.
Inqubo yokwenza imishini isusa izinto futhi isebenzisa amathuluzi amaningi okusika ukuze idale umklamo wokugcina, futhi ngokuvamile oyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, wengxenye.Izinga lokunemba liyathuthukiswa ngokusebenzisa isilawuli sezinombolo sekhompuyutha (CNC), esisetshenziselwa ukwenza ngokuzenzakalelayo ukulawulwa kwamathuluzi okwenza imishini.
Indima ye-"CNC" ekwenzeni ukunemba
Kusetshenziswa iziqondiso zohlelo olunekhodi, ukunemba kwe-CNC machining kuvumela ucezu lokusebenza ukuthi lusikwe futhi lulolongelwe ngendlela ebekiwe ngaphandle kokungenelela okwenziwa ngu-opharetha womshini.
Ethatha imodeli ye-computer aided design (CAD) ehlinzekwa yikhasimende, uchwepheshe wemishini usebenzisa isofthiwe yokukhiqiza esekelwa ikhompuyutha (CAM) ukuze enze imiyalelo yokwenza ingxenye.Ngokusekelwe kumodeli ye-CAD, isofthiwe inquma ukuthi yiziphi izindlela zamathuluzi ezidingekayo futhi ikhiqize ikhodi yokuhlela etshela umshini:
■ Ayini ama-RPM alungile kanye namazinga okuphakelayo
■ Ukuhambisa nini futhi kuphi ithuluzi kanye/noma ucezu lokusebenza
■ Ukujula kangakanani ukusika
■ Kufakwa nini isipholile
■ Noma yiziphi ezinye izici ezihlobene nesivinini, izinga lokudla, kanye nokuxhumana
Isilawuli se-CNC sibe sesisebenzisa ikhodi yokuhlela ukulawula, ukwenza ngokuzenzakalelayo, nokuqapha ukunyakaza komshini.
Namuhla, i-CNC iyisici esakhelwe ngaphakathi sezinhlobonhlobo zemishini, kusukela kuma-lathes, izigayo, nama-routers kuya ku-EDM yocingo (imishini yokukhipha ugesi), i-laser, nemishini yokusika i-plasma.Ngaphezu kokuzenzakalela inqubo yokwenza imishini kanye nokuthuthukisa ukunemba, i-CNC iqeda imisebenzi eyenziwa ngesandla futhi ikhulula ochwepheshe bemishini ukuze baqondise imishini eminingi esebenza ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Ukwengeza, uma indlela yamathuluzi isiklanywe futhi umshini usuhleliwe, ungaba nengxenye noma yiziphi izikhathi.Lokhu kunikeza izinga eliphezulu lokunemba nokuphindaphinda, okwenza inqubo ibize kakhulu futhi ikhule.
Izinto ezenziwe ngomshini
Ezinye izinsimbi ezivame ukwenziwa ngomshini zihlanganisa i-aluminium, ithusi, ithusi, ithusi, insimbi, i-titanium, ne-zinc.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukhuni, igwebu, i-fiberglass, namapulasitiki afana ne-polypropylene nawo angenziwa ngomshini.
Eqinisweni, cishe noma iyiphi impahla ingasetshenziswa ngokunemba kwemishini ye-CNC - vele, kuya ngesicelo kanye nezidingo zayo.
Ezinye izinzuzo zokunemba kwemishini ye-CNC
Ezingxenyeni eziningi ezincane kanye nezingxenye ezisetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zemikhiqizo ekhiqizwayo, ukunemba kwe-CNC machining kuvame ukuba yindlela yokwenziwa yokuzikhethela.
Njengoba kunjalo cishe kuzo zonke izindlela zokusika nezomshini, izinto ezihlukene ziziphatha ngendlela ehlukile, futhi ubukhulu nokuma kwengxenye nakho kunomthelela omkhulu enqubweni.Nokho, ngokuvamile inqubo ngokunemba CNC machining inikeza izinzuzo ngaphezu kwezinye izindlela machining.
Lokho kungenxa yokuthi imishini ye-CNC iyakwazi ukuletha:
■ Ingxenye ephezulu yobunkimbinkimbi
■ Ukubekezelela okuqinile, ngokuvamile okusukela ku-±0.0002" (±0.00508 mm) kuye ku-±0.0005" (±0.0127 mm)
■ Ukuqedwa okubushelelezi okukhethekile, okuhlanganisa ukuqedwa ngokwezifiso
■ Ukuphindaphinda, ngisho nangevolumu ephezulu
Ngenkathi umakhi wemishini onekhono angasebenzisa i-lathe yezandla ukwenza ingxenye yekhwalithi ngamanani ayi-10 noma ayi-100, kwenzekani uma udinga izingxenye eziyi-1,000?10,000 izingxenye?100,000 noma izingxenye eziyisigidi?
Ngokunemba kwe-CNC machining, ungathola ukukala nesivinini esidingekayo kulolu hlobo lokukhiqiza lwevolumu ephezulu.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphindaphindwa okuphezulu kokunemba kwemishini ye-CNC kukunikeza izingxenye ezifanayo kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube sekupheleni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukhiqiza izingxenye ezingaki.
Kukhona ezinye izindlela ezikhethekile kakhulu ze-CNC machining, okuhlanganisa i-EDM yocingo (imishini yokukhipha ugesi kagesi), umshini wokungeza, nokuphrinta kwelaser ye-3D.Isibonelo, i-EDM yocingo isebenzisa izinto ezisetshenziswayo — ngokuvamile izinsimbi -— kanye nokukhishwa kukagesi ukuze kucekeleke phansi ucezu lokusebenza lube yizimo eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Kodwa-ke, lapha sizogxila ezinqubweni zokugaya nokujika - izindlela ezimbili zokususa ezitholakala kabanzi futhi ezivame ukusetshenziselwa ukunemba kwemishini ye-CNC.
Ukugaya ngokumelene nokujika
Ukugaya kuyinqubo yomshini esebenzisa ithuluzi lokusika elijikelezayo, eliyisilinda ukuze lisuse izinto kanye nokudala izimo.Imishini yokugaya, eyaziwa ngokuthi isigayo noma isikhungo somshini, kufeza ingxenye yejiyometri yezingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi kwezinye zezinto ezinkulu kakhulu ezenziwe ngomshini.
Isici esibalulekile sokugaya ukuthi i-workpiece ihlala imile ngenkathi ithuluzi lokusika lizungeza.Ngamanye amazwi, emshinini wokugaya, ithuluzi lokusika elijikelezayo lihamba eduze kwendawo yokusebenza, ehlala igxilile endaweni embhedeni.
Ukuphenduka kuyinqubo yokusika noma yokubumba ucezu lokusebenza emishinini ebizwa ngokuthi i-lathe.Ngokuvamile, i-lathe ijikelezisa ucezu lokusebenza ku-eksisi eqondile noma evundlile kuyilapho ithuluzi lokusika eligxilile (elingase lijikeleze noma lingaphenduki) lihamba ku-eksisi ehleliwe.
Ithuluzi alikwazi ukuzungeza ingxenye ngokoqobo.Impahla iyazungezisa, ivumela ithuluzi ukuthi lenze imisebenzi ehleliwe.(Kune-subset yama-lathe lapho amathuluzi azungeza khona ucingo olufakwe nge-spool, nokho, lokho akumboziwe lapha.)
Ngokushintshana, ngokungafani nokugaya, i-workpiece iyajikeleza.Ingxenye yesitoko ivula intambo yokuphotha bese kuthi ithuluzi lokusika lihlangane nendawo yokusebenza.
Imanuwali vs. CNC machining
Nakuba kokubili izigayo nama-lathes kutholakala kumamodeli enziwa ngesandla, imishini ye-CNC ifaneleka kakhulu ngezinjongo zokukhiqiza izingxenye ezincane - enikeza ukuqina nokuphindaphinda kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga ukukhiqizwa kwevolumu ephezulu yezingxenye ezibekezelelana eziqinile.
Ngaphezu kokuhlinzeka ngemishini elula ye-axis engu-2 lapho ithuluzi lihamba khona kuma-ax angu-X no-Z, okokusebenza okunembayo kwe-CNC kuhlanganisa amamodeli wama-eksisi amaningi lapho ucezu lokusebenza lungaphinde luhambe khona.Lokhu kuphambene ne-lathe lapho ucezu lokusebenza lukhawulelwe ukuphotha futhi amathuluzi azonyakaza ukuze enze i-geometry oyifunayo.
Lokhu kulungiselelwa kwe-multi-axis kuvumela ukukhiqizwa kwejiyometri eyinkimbinkimbi ekusebenzeni okukodwa, ngaphandle kokudinga umsebenzi owengeziwe owenziwe ngu-opharetha womshini.Lokhu akwenzi nje kube lula ukukhiqiza izingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa futhi kunciphisa noma kuqede ithuba lephutha lomqhubi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kokupholisa okunomfutho ophezulu okunembayo ye-CNC kuqinisekisa ukuthi ama-chips awangeni emisebenzini, ngisho nalapho kusetshenziswa umshini onomshini wokuphotha oqonde mpo.
Imishini ye-CNC
Imishini yokugaya eyahlukene iyahlukahluka ngosayizi bayo, ukumiswa kwe-eksisi, amanani okuphakelayo, isivinini sokusika, isiqondiso sokuphakela kokugaya, nezinye izici.
Kodwa-ke, ngokuvamile, izigayo ze-CNC zonke zisebenzisa i-spindle ejikelezayo ukusika izinto ezingafuneki.Zisetshenziselwa ukusika izinsimbi eziqinile njengensimbi ne-titanium kodwa zingasetshenziswa nezinto ezifana nepulasitiki ne-aluminium.
Izigayo ze-CNC zakhelwe ukuphindaphindeka futhi zingasetshenziselwa yonke into kusukela ku-prototyping kuya ekukhiqizweni kwevolumu ephezulu.Izigayo ze-CNC ezinembayo ezisezingeni eliphezulu zivame ukusetshenziselwa umsebenzi wokubekezelela okuqinile njengokufa kwenhlawulo kanye nokubunjwa.
Ngenkathi ukugaya kwe-CNC kungaletha ushintsho olusheshayo, ukuqedela okugayiwe kudala izingxenye ezinamamaki amathuluzi abonakalayo.Ingase futhi ikhiqize izingxenye ezinemiphetho ebukhali nama-burrs, ngakho-ke izinqubo ezengeziwe zingadingeka uma unqenqema nama-burrs kungamukeleki kulezo zici.
Impela, amathuluzi okukhipha imali ahlelwe ngokulandelana azosebenza, nakuba ngokuvamile efinyelela imfuneko eqediwe engu-90%, okushiya izici ezithile ukuze ziqedelwe ngokokugcina.
Ngokuqondene nokuqedwa kwendawo, kunamathuluzi angeke akhiqize ukuphela kwendawo eyamukelekayo, kodwa futhi nesibuko esifana nesibuko ezingxenyeni zomkhiqizo womsebenzi.
Izinhlobo zezigayo ze-CNC
Izinhlobo ezimbili eziyisisekelo zemishini yokugaya zaziwa njengezikhungo zokumaka eziqondile kanye nezikhungo zokumaka ezivundlile, lapho umehluko oyinhloko usekumisweni kwe-spindle yomshini.
Isikhungo somshini esime mpo siyisigayo lapho i-axis yokuphotha iqondaniswe khona ne-axis engu-Z.Le mishini eqondile ingahlukaniswa futhi ibe izinhlobo ezimbili:
■ Izigayo zokulala, lapho i-spindle ihamba ngokuhambisana ne-eksisi yayo ngenkathi ithebula lihamba liqonde eksisi yokuphotha
■ Izigayo ze-Turret, lapho i-spindle imile futhi itafula linyakaziswa ukuze lihlale li-perpendicular futhi lihambisana ne-eksisi yokuphotha ngesikhathi sokusika.
Esikhungweni semishini esivundlile, i-axis ye-spindle spindle iqondaniswe ku-Y-eksisi.Isakhiwo esivundlile sisho ukuthi lezi zigayo zivame ukuthatha indawo eyengeziwe endaweni yesitolo semishini;futhi ngokuvamile asindayo ngesisindo futhi anamandla kakhulu kunemishini eqondile.
Umshini wokugaya ovundlile uvame ukusetshenziswa lapho kudingeka indawo engcono yokuqeda;lokho kungenxa yokuthi ukuma kwe-spindle kusho ukuthi ama-chips okusika ayawa ngokwemvelo futhi asuswa kalula.(Njengenzuzo eyengeziwe, ukususwa kwe-chip okuphumelelayo kusiza ukwandisa impilo yamathuluzi.)
Ngokuvamile, izikhungo zemishini eziqondile zivame kakhulu ngoba zingaba namandla njengezikhungo zokukhanda ezivundlile futhi zingakwazi ukuphatha izingxenye ezincane kakhulu.Ngaphezu kwalokho, izikhungo ezime mpo zinendawo encane kunezikhungo zokukhanda ezivundlile.
Izigayo ze-Multi-axis CNC
Izikhungo zokugaya i-Precision CNC zitholakala ngezimbazo eziningi.I-3-axis mill isebenzisa ama-eksisi X, Y, kanye no-Z emisebenzini ehlukahlukene.Ngesigayo se-4-eksisi, umshini ungazungezisa e-eksisi eqondile nevundlile futhi uhambise ucezu lokusebenza ukuze uvumele ukwenziwa kwemishini okuqhubekayo.
I-5-axis mill inezimbazo ezintathu zendabuko kanye nezimbazo ezijikelezayo ezimbili ezengeziwe, okuvumela ucezu lokusebenza ukuthi luzungeziswe njengoba ikhanda lokuphotha liyizungeza.Lokhu kuvumela izinhlangothi ezinhlanu ze-workpiece ukuba zenziwe ngomshini ngaphandle kokukhipha ucezu lokusebenza nokusetha kabusha umshini.
Izinhlobo ze-CNC
Ilathe - ebuye ibizwe ngokuthi isikhungo sokujika - inesipindle esisodwa noma ngaphezulu, kanye nezimbazo ezingu-X kanye no-Z.Umshini usetshenziselwa ukuzungezisa i-workpiece ku-axis yayo ukwenza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene yokusika nokubumba, usebenzisa amathuluzi ahlukahlukene ku-workpiece.
Amalebula e-CNC, abuye abizwe ngokuthi ama-live action tooling lathes, alungele ukudala izingxenye eziyisilinda esiyisilinda noma eziyindilinga.Njengezigayo ze-CNC, izinsimbi ze-CNC zingakwazi ukuphatha imisebenzi emincane efana ne-prototyping kodwa futhi zingasethwa ukuze zikwazi ukuphinda-phinda, zisekela ukukhiqizwa kwevolumu ephezulu.
Izintambo ze-CNC zingase futhi zisethelwe ukukhiqizwa okungenazandla, okuzenza zisetshenziswe kakhulu ezimbonini zezimoto, ze-electronics, i-aerospace, amarobhothi, nemishini yezokwelapha.
Isebenza kanjani i-CNC lathe
Ngentambo ye-CNC, ibha engenalutho yempahla yesitoko ilayishwa ku-chuck ye-spindle ye-lathe.Le chuck ibamba ucezu lokusebenza endaweni ngenkathi i-spindle ijikeleza.Lapho i-spindle ifinyelela isivinini esidingekayo, ithuluzi lokusika elimile lihlanganiswa ne-workpiece ukuze lisuse impahla futhi lifinyelele i-geometry efanele.
I-CNC lathe ingenza imisebenzi eminingana, njengokubhoboza, ukuthunga, ukubhora, ukulungisa kabusha, ukubheka, nokujika kwe-taper.Imisebenzi ehlukene idinga izinguquko zamathuluzi futhi ingakhuphula izindleko nesikhathi sokusetha.
Lapho yonke imisebenzi yemishini edingekayo isiqediwe, ingxenye iyasikwa esitokweni ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokucubungula, uma kudingeka.Ilathe ye-CNC ibe isilungele ukuphinda ukusebenza, kunesikhathi esincane noma esingekho esengeziwe sokusetha esivame ukudingeka phakathi.
Amalathe e-CNC angakwazi futhi ukwamukela izinhlobonhlobo zokuphakela kwebha okuzenzakalelayo, ezinciphisa inani lokuphatha impahla eluhlaza futhi zinikeze izinzuzo ezinjengalezi ezilandelayo:
■ Yehlisa isikhathi nomzamo odingekayo ku-opharetha womshini
■ Sekela i-barstock ukunciphisa ukudlidliza okungaba nomthelela omubi ukunemba
■ Vumela ithuluzi lomshini ukuthi lisebenze ngesivinini esiphezulu sokuphotha
■ Nciphisa izikhathi zokushintsha
■ Ukunciphisa ukumosha izinto
Izinhlobo ze-CNC lathes
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo zamalebula, kodwa ezivame kakhulu amalebula e-CNC e-2-eksisi kanye namalebula azenzakalelayo esitayela sase-China.
Izintambo eziningi zokuphotha e-CNC China zisebenzisa i-spindle eyodwa noma ezimbili eziyinhloko kanye ne-spindle eyodwa noma ezimbili zangemuva (noma zesibili), okunokudluliselwa okujikelezayo okubophezelekile kwesokuqala.I-spindle eyinhloko yenza umsebenzi oyinhloko womshini, ngosizo lwe-guiding bushing.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanye ama-lathes esitayela sase-China afika afakwe ikhanda lethuluzi lesibili elisebenza njengesigayo se-CNC.
Nge-lathe ye-othomathikhi yesitayela se-CNC yaseChina, impahla yesitoko iphakelwa nge-spindle yekhanda elishelelayo ibe yi-guiding bushing.Lokhu kuvumela ithuluzi ukuthi lisike okokusebenza eduze nendawo lapho okusekelwe khona, okwenza umshini waseShayina uzuze ikakhulukazi izingxenye eziphendukayo ezinde, ezacile kanye ne-micromachining.
Izikhungo zokujika ze-CNC ze-Multi-axis kanye namalebula esitayela sase-China angakwazi ukufeza imisebenzi eminingi yomshini esebenzisa umshini owodwa.Lokhu kuwenza abe inketho engabizi kakhulu yamajiyometri ayinkimbinkimbi angadinga imishini eminingi noma izinguquko zamathuluzi kusetshenziswa okokusebenza okunjengesigayo se-CNC esivamile.