I-PRICINISITINGITISITING I-PRICE Cingining inqubo yokususa impahla evela endaweni yokusebenza ngesikhathi sokubekezelela okusondelene. Umshini wokunemba unezinhlobo eziningi, kufaka phakathi ukugaya, ukuguqula kanye nokukhishwa kwemishini kagesi. Umshini wokunemba namuhla ulawulwa usebenzisa izilawuli zamanani wekhompyutha (CNC).
Cishe yonke imikhiqizo yensimbi sebenzisa ukucaciswa kwemishini, njengoba kwenza ezinye izinto eziningi ezinjengepulasitiki nezinkuni. Le mishini isetshenziswa ngabakwamishini abakhethekile nabaqeqeshiwe. Ukuze ithuluzi lokusika lenze umsebenzi walo, kufanele lihanjiswe izinkomba ezichazwe ukwenza ukusikwa okufanele. Lokhu kunyakaza okuyisisekelo kubizwa ngokuthi "isivinini sokusika." Isisebenzi sokusebenza singashukunyiswa futhi saziwa ngokuthi ukunyakaza kwesibili "okuphakelayo." Ngokubambisana, lezi zinkulumo kanye nobukhali bethuluzi lokusika buvumela umshini oqondile ukuba usebenze.
Ukucacisa kwekhwalithi okunempilo kudinga amandla okulandela ama-blueprints athile akhethekile okwenziwe yi-CAD (I-Computer Alided Design) noma ama-Cam (ama-computer aced adficed) njenge-autocad ne-turbocad. Isoftware ingasiza ukukhiqiza imidwebo eyinkimbinkimbi, enama-3-ntathu noma ichaza okudingekayo ukuze kukhiqize ithuluzi, umshini noma into. Le mibhalo enemibala kumele ilandelwe ngemininingwane enkulu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizo ugcina ubuqotho bayo. Ngenkathi izinkampani zemishini yokucacisa kakhulu zisebenza ngohlobo oluthile lwezinhlelo ze-CAD / CAM, zisasebenza kaningi ngemidwebo edonswe ngesandla ezigabeni zokuqala zomklamo.
I-PRICISICIMING isetshenziswa ngenani lezinto zokwakha ezibandakanya insimbi, ithusi, i-graphite, ingilazi namapulasitiki ukubiza abambalwa. Ngokuya ngosayizi wephrojekthi kanye nezinto zokwakha ezizosetshenziswa, kuzosetshenziswa amathuluzi ahlukahlukene wemishini yokucacisa. Noma yikuphi ukuhlanganiswa kwama-lathes, imishini yokugaya, imishini yokushayela, amasaha kanye nama-grinders, futhi namarobhothi ashesha asetshenziswa. Imboni yase-Aerospace ingasebenzisa imishini ye-velocity ephezulu, kuyilapho imboni yokwenza amathuluzi we-Woodwork Tool ingasebenzisa izinqubo zamakhemikhali ze-Photo-Chemic. Ukuphuma ngaphandle kokugijima, noma inani elithile lanoma iyiphi into ethile, ingabalwa ezinkulungwaneni, noma zibe nje ezimbalwa. Ukucacisa imininingwane ngokuvamile kudinga ukuhlelwa kwamadivayisi we-CNC okusho ukuthi balawulwa ngokwezibalo ngokwezinombolo. Idivayisi ye-CNC ivumela ubukhulu obufanele balandelwe kulo lonke i-run of umkhiqizo.
I-Millying inqubo yemishini yokusebenzisa abasiki be-rotary ukususa impahla kusuka endaweni yokusebenza ngokuthuthuka (noma ukondla) umsiki endaweni yokusebenza. Umsiki nawo angabanjwa e-angle ehlobene ne-axis yethuluzi. Ukugaya kuhlanganisa imisebenzi eminingi ehlukene nemishini, esikalini kusuka ezingxenyeni ezincane eziya kwizigelekeqela ezinzima, ezisindayo zeqembu lezigelekeqe. Ungenye yezinqubo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zama-machine izingxenye zokwenza izinto zokubekezelela okuqondile.
Ukugaya kungenziwa ngamathuluzi amaningi omshini. Isigaba sokuqala samathuluzi omshini wokugaya kwakuwumshini wokugaya (ovame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-mill). Ngemuva kokuqala kokulawulwa kwezinombolo ze-computer (CNC), imishini yokugaya izikhungo zemishini: Imishini yokugaya i-micting augments abashintshi bethuluzi othomathikhi, omagazini amathuluzi noma ama-carosels, amandla e-CNC, amasistimu apholile, kanye nokuvalwa. Izikhungo zokugaya ngokuvamile zihlukaniswa njengezikhungo zemishini ezimile (i-VMCS) noma izikhungo zemishini ezivundlile (HMCS).
Ukuhlanganiswa kokugaya kwezindawo zokuguqula izimo, okuphambene nalokho, kwaqala ngokutholwa kwamathuluzi bukhoma ezitende kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezikhathi kwezigidi zokuguqula imisebenzi. Lokhu kuholele ekilasini elisha lamathuluzi omshini, imishini eminingi (ama-MTMS), okuyinhloso - eyakhelwe ukwenza lula ukugaya nokuvula emvilophini yomsebenzi ofanayo.
Onjiniyela bokuklama, amaqembu e-R & D, kanye nabakhiqizi abancike engxenyeni yokuthola ingxenye, imininingwane ye-CNC ngokunemba ivumela ukudalwa kwezingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi ngaphandle kokucutshungulwa okwengeziwe. Eqinisweni, ukucaciswa kwemishini ye-CNC kuvame ukwenza kube khona ukuthi izingxenye eziqediwe zenziwe emshinini owodwa.
Inqubo yemishini isusa izinto ezibonakalayo futhi isebenzisa amathuluzi ahlukahlukene wokusika ukudala owokugcina, futhi uvame ukuba yinkimbinkimbi, ukwakheka kwengxenye. Izinga lokunemba lithuthukiswa ngokusetshenziswa kwamanani wenombolo ye-computer (CNC), esetshenziselwa ukuguqula ukulawulwa kwamathuluzi wemishini.
Indima ye- "CNC" ekuqopheni kwemishini
Usebenzisa imiyalo ye-Coded Programming Imibhalo, ukucacisa imininingwane ye-CNC ivumela umsebenzi wokusebenza ukuba asikwe futhi abunjwe ukucaciswa ngaphandle kokungenelela okwenziwa ngesandla ngumshini.
Ukuthatha imodeli eyakha i-computer enikeziwe (i-CAD) enikezwe yikhasimende, udokotela wemishini wesazi usebenzisa i-software yokukhiqiza eyakhiwe nge-computer (cam) ukudala imiyalo yokufaka imishini. Ngokusekelwe kwimodeli ye-CAD, isoftware inquma ukuthi yiziphi izindlela zamathuluzi ezidingekayo futhi zikhiqiza ikhodi yezinhlelo etshela umshini:
■ yini amanani afanele we-rpms kanye namanani okuphakelayo
■ Nini futhi kuphi ukuhambisa ithuluzi kanye / noma i-workpiepe
■ Kujule kangakanani ukusika
■ Nini ukusebenzisa okupholile
■ Noma yiziphi ezinye izinto ezihlobene nesivinini, isilinganiso sokuphakelwa, kanye nokuxhumana
Isilawuli se-CNC bese sisebenzisa ikhodi yezinhlelo ukulawula, ezenzakalelayo, futhi sibheke ukunyakaza komshini.
Namuhla, i-CNC isici esakhelwe ngaphakathi sohlu olubanzi lwemishini, kusuka ezitengeni, ama-mill, kanye nama-routers ku-wire edm (imishini yokuphuma ngogesi), ama-laser, kanye nemishini yokusika ye-plasma. Ngaphezu kokushintsha inqubo yemishini kanye nokwenza ngcono ukunemba, i-CNC iqeda imisebenzi ebhukwayo futhi iFrees Machin izokwengamela imishini eminingi egijima ngasikhathi sinye.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma ngabe i-Tool Ithuluzi lenzelwe futhi umshini uhlelwe, ungaqhuba ingxenye noma iyiphi inombolo yezikhathi. Lokhu kuhlinzeka ngezinga eliphakeme lokunemba nokuphindaphinda, okuthi nalo kwenza inqubo ibiza kakhulu isebenze futhi ilinganiswe.
Izinto zokwakha ezidwetshiwe
Ezinye izinsimbi ezivame ukufakwa ku-aluminium, ithusi, ithusi, ithusi, insimbi, titanium, ne-zinc. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkuni, amagwebu, i-fiberglass, namapulasitiki anjenge-polypropylene angafakwa emnyanweni.
Eqinisweni, cishe noma yikuphi okubonakalayo kungasetshenziswa ngokunemba kwe-CNC Maching - Yiqiniso, kuya ngohlelo kanye nezidingo zalo.
Ezinye izinzuzo zokunemba kwe-CNC Maching
Ezingxenyeni eziningi zezingxenye ezincane kanye nezinto ezisetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zemikhiqizo ekhiqizwayo, ngokunemba kwemishini ye-CNC kuvame indlela yokuzikhethela.
Njengoba kunjalo nangezindlela zonke zokusika kanye nemishini, izinto ezahlukahlukene ziphatha ngendlela ehlukile, futhi ubukhulu kanye nokwakheka kwengxenye nakho kunomthelela omkhulu kwinqubo. Kodwa-ke, ngokujwayelekile inqubo yokucaciswa kwemishini ye-CNC inikeza izinzuzo ngaphezu kwezinye izindlela mailmaving.
Lokho kungenxa yokuthi imishini ye-CNC iyakwazi ukuletha:
■ isilinganiso esiphakeme esiyinkimbinkimbi esiyinkimbinkimbi
■ Ukubekezelela okuqinile, ngokujwayelekile kusuka ku- ± 0.0002 "(± 0.0000508 mm) ku- ± 0.0005" (± 0.0127 mm)
■ ukuqedwa okubushelelezi okubushelelezi okubushelelezi, kufaka phakathi ukuqedwa kwenkambiso
■ Ukuphindaphinda, ngisho nakumavolumu aphezulu
Ngenkathi umshini onamakhono ungasebenzisa i-lathe yezandla ukwenza ingxenye esezingeni eliphakeme ngobuningi be-10 noma 100, kwenzekani lapho udinga izingxenye eziyi-1 000? 10,000 izingxenye? 100,000 noma izigidi eziyisigidi?
Ngokunemba i-CNC MachingIngining, ungathola ukukala kanye nesivinini esidingekayo kulolu hlobo lokukhiqizwa kwevolumu ephezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphindeka okuphezulu kwemishini ye-CNC yokunemba kukunika izingxenye ezifanayo ngokufanayo kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube sekupheleni, noma ngabe zikhiqiza izingxenye ezingaki.
Kunezindlela ezithile ezikhethekile kakhulu zemishini ye-CNC, kufaka phakathi i-Wire EDM (ukukhishwa kwemishini kagesi), imishini eselile, nokuphrinta kwe-laser ye-3D. Isibonelo, i-wire edm isebenzisa izinto ezisebenzayo - ngokujwayelekile izinsimbi - kanye nokukhishwa kukagesi ukuqeda umsebenzi wokusebenza ube yimidwebo eyinkimbinkimbi.
Kodwa-ke, lapha sizogxila ezinqubweni zokugaya kanye nokuguqula izinqubo - izindlela ezimbili eziwusizo ezitholakala kabanzi futhi ezisetshenziselwa ukupela imininingwane ye-CNC.
Milling vs vs turning
I-Mill inqubo yemishini esebenzisa ithuluzi lokusika elijikelezayo, elijikelezayo lokususa ukususa impahla futhi idale bobunjwa. Imishini yokugaya, eyaziwa ngokuthi isigayo noma isikhungo semishini, ifeza indawo yonke ye-geometries eyinkimbinkimbi kwezinye izinto ezinkulu kakhulu zensimbi.
Isici esibalulekile sokugaya ukuthi umsebenzi wokwenza umsebenzi uhlala emile ngenkathi ithuluzi lokusika lihle. Ngamanye amagama, ngesigayo, ithuluzi lokusika elijikelezayo lihamba lizungeze indawo yokusebenza, ehlala ilungiswe endaweni embhedeni.
Ukujika kuyinqubo yokusika noma ukwakheka indawo yokusebenza emishini ebizwa ngokuthi yi-lathe. Imvamisa, i-lathe ichitha i-ackarpiece e-axis eqondile noma evundlile ngenkathi ithuluzi lokusika elinqunyelwe (okungenzeka lingaphambukayo) lihambisa i-axis ehlelwe.
Ithuluzi alikwazi ukuhamba ngokomzimba. Izinto ezibonakalayo zijikeleza, zivumela ithuluzi ukwenza imisebenzi ehlelwe. (Kukhona isendlalelo se-lathes of amathuluzi lapho amathuluzi ajikeleza ngocingo oluphethwe yi-spool, noma kunjalo, lokho akumboziwe lapha.)
Ekuphenduleni, ngokungafani nokugaya, izikhala zomsebenzi. Ingxenye yesitoko iphenduka kwi-spindle ye-lathe kanye nethuluzi lokusika lithathwa thina nomsebenzi wokusebenza.
Manual vs. Imishini ye-CNC
Ngenkathi womabili ama-mill kanye nama-lage atholakala ngamamodeli wezandla, imishini ye-CNC efanelekile ngokwengeziwe ngezinhloso zokukhiqiza izingxenye ezincane - ukunikela ngezicelo nokuphindaphindeka kwezicelo ezidinga ukukhiqizwa okuphezulu kwevolumu yezingxenye eziphakeme zokubekezelela.
Ngaphezu kokunikeza imishini elula ye-2-axis lapho ithuluzi lihamba lapho ama-axes we-X no-z, ukupela kwe-CNC kufaka phakathi amamodeli we-multi-axis lapho umsebenzi wokusebenza ungahambisa khona. Lokhu kuphambene ne-lathe lapho i-workpiece ikhawulelwe ekuxubeni futhi amathuluzi azohamba ukudala i-geometry oyifunayo.
Lokhu kulungiswa kwe-multi-axis kuvumela ukukhiqizwa kwama-geomethri ayinkimbinkimbi ekusebenzeni okukodwa, ngaphandle kokudinga umsebenzi owengeziwe ngo-opharetha womshini. Lokhu akukhona kuphela okwenza kube lula ukukhiqiza izingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi, kepha futhi kunciphisa noma kuqede ithuba lephutha le-opharetha.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwe-High-Pressure Okupholile ngokunemba kwe-CNC Maching kuqinisekisa ukuthi ama-chips awangeni emisebenzini, noma ngabe usebenzisa umshini oqonde ngokuqondile.
I-CNC Mills
Imishini ehlukene yokugaya iyahlukahluka ngosayizi wazo, ukucushwa kwe-axis, amanani okuphakelayo, isivinini sokusika, indlela yokuphakelwa kokuphakelayo, nezinye izici.
Kodwa-ke, ngokuvamile, ama-CNC Mills wonke asebenzisa i-spindle ejikelezayo ukusika impahla engafuneki. Zisetshenziselwa ukusika izinsimbi ezinzima njengensimbi ne-titanium kepha zingasetshenziswa nezinto ezifana nepulasitiki ne-aluminium.
I-CNC Mills yakhelwe ukuphindwaphindwa futhi ingasetshenziselwa yonke into kusuka ekuhlolweni kokukhiqizwa kwevolumu ephezulu. I-CNC Mills ephakeme ye-CNC ivame ukusetshenziselwa umsebenzi wokubekezelela oqinile njengokugaya ama-milling dicies nokubumba.
Ngenkathi i-CNC milling ingaletha ukuguquguquka okusheshayo, ukuqeda okusheshayo kwe-mill kudala izingxenye ngamamaki e-tools abonakalayo. Kungakhiqize futhi izingxenye ngemiphetho ebukhali kanye nemingcele, ngakho-ke izinqubo ezengeziwe zingadingeka uma imiphetho nama-burrs akwamukeleki kulezo zici.
Vele, amathuluzi ahunyukayo ahlelwe ngokulandelana okuzohudulekile, yize kuvame ukufeza ama-90% ezidingo eziqediwe okungenani, kushiya ezinye izici zokuqeda isandla sokugcina.
Ngokuqondene nokuqedwa komhlaba, kunamathuluzi azokhiqiza hhayi kuphela ukuqedwa okwamukelekayo, kepha futhi nokuqedwa okufana nesibuko ezingxenyeni zomkhiqizo womsebenzi.
Izinhlobo ze-CNC Mills
Lezi zinhlobo ezimbili eziyisisekelo zemishini yokugaya zaziwa njengezikhungo zemishini ethe mpo kanye nezikhungo zemishini ezivundlile, lapho umehluko oyinhloko usemmongweni we-spindle umshini.
Isikhungo semishini emile mpo siyigaya lapho i-axis ye-spindle iqondaniswe khona endaweni eqonde e-axis. Le mishini emile ingaphinde ihlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezimbili:
■ umbhede midys, lapho i-spindle iqhubekela phambili ngokuhambisana ne-eksisi yayo ngenkathi itafula lihamba nge-perpendicular ibe yi-axis ye-spindle
■ ama-turret mills, lapho i-spindle emile khona futhi itafula ihanjiswa ukuze ihlale ihlala i-perpendicular futhi ifana ne-axis of spindle ngesikhathi sokusebenza kokusika
Esikhungweni semishini evundlile, i-axis ye-spindle's spingile ihambelana nesiqondisi se-y-axis. Isakhiwo esivundlile sisho ukuthi lezi zigayo zivame ukuthatha isikhala esithe xaxa esitezi esitolo somshini; Zivame kakhulu zisinda ngesisindo futhi zinamandla kunemishini emile.
Isigayo esivundlile sivame ukusetshenziswa lapho kudingeka ukuqedwa komhlaba okungcono; Lokho kungenxa yokuthi ukuqondiswa kwe-spindle kusho ukuthi ama-chips wokusika ngokwemvelo awa futhi asuswe kalula. (Njengenzuzo engeziwe, ukususwa kwe-chip okusebenzayo kuyasiza ukukhulisa impilo yamathuluzi.)
Ngokuvamile, izikhungo zemishini emile zivame kakhulu ngoba zingaba namandla njengezikhungo zemishini enezingqimba futhi zingaphatha izingxenye ezincane kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izikhungo ezimile zinesinyathelo esincane sezinyawo kunezikhungo zemishini ezivundlile.
Multi-axis CNC mills
Izikhungo zokunemba ze-CNC mill zitholakala ngama-axes amaningi. Ukugaywa oku-3-axis kusebenzisa i-X, y, kanye nama-axes ahlukahlukene omsebenzi. Ngokugaywa kwe-4-axis, umshini ungazungeza eksisweni ebheke phezulu futhi evundlile bese uhambisa umsebenzi wokusebenza ukuze uvumele imishini eqhubekayo.
Ukugaya okungu-5-axis kunezimbazo ezintathu zendabuko kanye nama-axes amabili ajikelezayo angeziwe, okwenza amandla okusebenza ajikelezwe njengoba ikhanda le-spindle lihamba lizungeze. Lokhu kunika amandla izinhlangothi ezinhlanu zesisebenzi sokusebenza ukuze zifakwe emnyani ngaphandle kokususa umshini wokusebenza futhi zisetha kabusha umshini.
I-CNC Lages
I-lathe - ebizwa nangokuthi isikhungo sokuguqula - ine-spindle eyodwa noma ngaphezulu, kanye ne-x ne-z izimbazo. Lo mshini usetshenziselwa ukuzungeza indawo yokusebenza eksikhi yayo yokwenza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene yokusika nokubumba, ukusebenzisa amathuluzi ahlukahlukene afinyelela kulowo msebenzi.
I-CNC Lages, ebizwa nangokuthi i-Live Action Tails Lathes, ilungele ukudala izingxenye zokuqonda noma ezi-spherical. Njenge-CNC Mills, ama-CNC lathes angaphatha imisebenzi emincane enjalo ngokuPrototyping kodwa futhi angahle ahlelwe ukuphindwa okuphezulu, esekela ukukhiqizwa kwevolumu ephezulu.
I-CNC Lages nayo ingahlelwa ngokukhiqizwa kwamahhala ezandleni, okubenza basetshenziswe kabanzi kwizimoto, i-elekthronikhi, i-aerospace, amarobhothi kanye nezimboni zedivayisi yezokwelapha.
Isebenza kanjani i-CNC Lathe
Nge-CNC LATE, ibha engenalutho yezinto zesitoko ilayishwe ku-chuck of the lathe's spindle. Le chuck ibamba umsebenzi wokusebenza ngenkathi i-spindle ijikeleza. Lapho i-spindle ifinyelela ngejubane elidingekayo, ithuluzi lokusika elimisiwe lithathwa ngxhumana ne-workpiece ukususa impahla futhi uzuze i-geometry efanele.
I-CNC LATE ingenza inqwaba yemisebenzi, efana nokumba, i-highting, isidina, ukugqama, ukubhekana nokujika kwe-taper. Ukusebenza okuhlukile kudinga izinguquko zamathuluzi futhi kungakhulisa isikhathi nesikhathi sokusetha.
Lapho yonke imisebenzi emishini edingekayo iqediwe, ingxenye inqunywa esitokisini ukuze iqhubeke nokuqhutshwa, uma kudingeka. I-CNC lathe ilungele ukuphinda i-Operation, ngesikhathi sokusetha esincane noma asikho okwengeziwe okuvame ukudingeka phakathi.
Ama-CNC lages angahlalisa futhi ama-feede ahlukahlukene we-automatic bar, okunciphisa inani lokuphathwa kwe-Manual Okungavunyelwa Kokuphikiswa Nokunikeza Izinzuzo ezinjengokulandelayo:
■ Yehlisa isikhathi nomzamo odingekayo we-opharetha womshini
■ Sekela isibaya ukuze kunciphise ukudlidliza okungathinta kabi ukunemba
■ Vumela ithuluzi lomshini ukuthi lisebenze ngejubane elikhulu le-spindle
■ Ukunciphisa izikhathi zokushintsha
■ ukunciphisa imfucuza yezinto ezibonakalayo
Izinhlobo ze-CNC Lathes
Kunenqwaba yezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-lathes, kepha okuvame kakhulu yi-CNC Lathes ye-CNC ne-China-isitayela se-China.
Iningi le-CNC China Lathes lisebenzisa izikhonkwane eziphambili noma ezimbili eziphambili kanye noma ezimbili emuva (noma ezimbili zesibili), ngokudluliswa okujikelezayo okubhekele phambili. I-spindle eyinhloko yenza umsebenzi wemishini oyinhloko, ngosizo lwesihlahla somhlahlandlela.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanye ama-lathes wesitayela se-china avela ekhanda lamathuluzi lesibili elisebenza njenge-CNC Mill.
Nge-CNC China-style authoto ezenzakalelayo ye-CNC China, impahla yesitoko yondliwa ngokusebenzisa ikhanda elibhebhethekisayo libe yi-bushing yomhlahlandlela. Lokhu kuvumela ithuluzi ukusika okusondelene nephuzu lapho okusekelwa khona, okwenza umshini we-china ube yinzuzo ikakhulukazi ngezingxenye ezinde, ezi-slender eziguqukile kanye nokushintsha ama-micromachinsing.
Izikhungo zokujika ze-Multi-axis CNC nezitayela ze-China-style zingafeza imisebenzi eminingi yemishini esebenzisa umshini owodwa. Lokhu kubenza kube inketho engabizi kakhulu ye-geometries eyinkimbinkimbi ebingasho ngenye indlela imishini eminingi noma izinguquko zamathuluzi zisebenzisa imishini efana nesigayo sendabuko ye-CNC.