Esigabeni sokukhiqiza ngokunemba, i-granite, ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezihlukile ezinikezwe izinguquko ze-geological eminyakeni engamakhulu ezigidi, ishintshe kusukela ekubeni yitshe lemvelo elingavamile laba "isikhali esinembile" semboni yanamuhla. Namuhla, amasimu okusetshenziswa kokukhiqiza ngokunemba kwe-granite ayanda njalo, futhi idlala indima engenakuphikwa ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene ezibalulekile ngokusebenza kwayo okuvelele.
I. Ukukhiqizwa Kwe-Semiconductor: Ukwakha "Inqaba Eqinile" Yokunemba Kwe-Chip
Embonini ye-semiconductor, ukunemba kokukhiqiza kwama-chip kufinyelele ezingeni le-nanometer, futhi izidingo zokuqina nokunemba kwemishini yokukhiqiza ziqinile kakhulu. Imikhiqizo eyenziwe ngokuqondile nge-granite isibe yizingxenye eziyinhloko zemishini yokukhiqiza ye-semiconductor. Njenge "inhliziyo" yokukhiqiza ama-chip, umshini we-lithography unezidingo eziphakeme kakhulu zokuqina kwepulatifomu yawo yokubeka i-nano-scale esisekelweni. I-Granite ine-coefficient ephansi kakhulu yokwanda kokushisa, cishe i-4.61×10⁻⁶/℃, engamelana ngempumelelo nokushintshashintsha okuncane kokushisa kwemvelo ngesikhathi senqubo ye-photolithography. Ngisho noma izinga lokushisa endaweni yokukhiqiza lishintsha ngo-1℃, ukuguqulwa kwesisekelo se-granite akunakwa, okuqinisekisa ukuthi i-laser yomshini we-photolithography ingagxilwa ngqo ukuze kuqoshwe amaphethini wesekethe amancane ku-wafer.
Esigabeni sokuhlolwa kwe-wafer, imodyuli yokubhekisela eyenziwe nge-granite nayo ibalulekile. Ngisho nesici esincane kakhulu ebusweni be-wafer singaholela ekwehleni kokusebenza kwe-chip. Kodwa-ke, imodyuli yokubhekisela ye-granite, enobucaba bayo obuphezulu kakhulu nokuqina, inikeza indinganiso yokubhekisela enembile yemishini yokuhlola. Ipulatifomu ye-granite eyenziwe ubuchwepheshe be-nano-grinding obunama-axis amahlanu ingafinyelela ubucaba obungu-≤1μm/㎡, okuvumela ithuluzi lokuthola ukuthi libambe ngokunembile amaphutha amancane ebusweni be-wafer nokuqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa kwama-chip.
Ii. Izindiza: "Umlingani Othembekile" Wezindiza Eziphelezelayo
Insimu yezindiza inezidingo eziqinile kakhulu zokuthembeka nokunemba kwemishini. Imikhiqizo yokukhiqiza ngokunemba kwe-granite idlale indima ebalulekile emabhentshini okuhlola ukuhamba kwe-inertial satellite kanye nezindawo zokuhlola izingxenye ze-spacecraft. Ama-satellite asebenza esikhaleni futhi adinga ukuthembela ezinhlelweni zokuzulazula ze-inertial ezinembayo ephezulu ukuze anqume izindawo zawo kanye nezimo zawo. Ibhentshi lokuhlola ukuhamba kwe-inertial elenziwe nge-granite, elinobunzima namandla alo aphezulu, lingamelana nokuhlolwa okunzima ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi zemishini. Ngesikhathi senqubo yokuhlola ilingisa amazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye nokudlidliza okukhulu esikhaleni, ibhentshi lokuhlola le-granite lahlala lizinzile kulo lonke, linikeza isisekelo esiqinile sokulinganiswa okunembile kwesistimu yokuzulazula ye-inertial.
Izinto zokuhlola i-granite nazo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlolweni kwezingxenye ze-spacecraft. Ukunemba okukhulu kwezingxenye ze-spacecraft kuthinta ngqo ukusebenza kanye nokuphepha kwe-spacecraft iyonke. Ukunemba okuphezulu kanye nokuqina kwento yokuhlola i-granite kungaqinisekisa ukutholakala okunembile kosayizi kanye nesimo sezingxenye. Isakhiwo sayo sangaphakathi esiminyene kanye nezinto ezifanayo kuvimbela amaphutha okuthola okubangelwa ukuguquka kwethuluzi ngokwalo, okuqinisekisa ukuqaliswa okubushelelezi kanye nokusebenza okuphephile kwe-spacecraft.
Iii. Ucwaningo Lwezokwelapha: "Itshe Legumbi Eliqinile" Lokwelapha Okunembile
Emkhakheni wocwaningo lwezokwelapha, imishini emikhulu yezokwelapha efana ne-CT ne-MRI inezidingo eziphakeme kakhulu zokuqina kwesisekelo. Lapho iziguli zihlolwa ngokuskena, ngisho nokudlidliza okuncane kwemishini kungathinta ukucaca nokunemba kwezithombe. Isisekelo semishini esenziwe kahle nge-granite, ngokusebenza kwayo okuhle kakhulu kokumunca ukudlidliza, singanciphisa ngempumelelo ukuphazamiseka kokudlidliza okukhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwemishini. Ukungqubuzana okubuthakathaka phakathi kwezinhlayiya zamaminerali ngaphakathi kusebenza njengesithambisi sokushaqeka kwemvelo, kuguqula amandla okudlidliza akhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwemishini abe amandla okushisa futhi kuqede, ngaleyo ndlela kugcine imishini izinzile ngesikhathi sokusebenza.
Emkhakheni wokutholwa kwezinto eziphilayo, isigaba se-granite sinikeza ukwesekwa okuzinzile kokutholwa kwamasampula okuhlola. Ukutholwa kwamasampula ezinto eziphilayo kuvame ukudinga ukwenziwa ngaphansi kwemishini enembile kakhulu, futhi izidingo eziphakeme kakhulu zibekwa ekuthambekeni nasekuzinzeni kwesiteji. Ubuso obunembile kakhulu besigaba se-granite bungaqinisekisa ukuthi isampula ihlala isesimweni esiqinile ngesikhathi senqubo yokutholwa, kugwenywe ukuphambuka emiphumeleni yokutholwa okubangelwa ukungalingani noma ukuthuthumela kwesigaba, kuhlinzekwe ukwesekwa kwedatha okuthembekile kocwaningo lwezokwelapha kanye nokuxilongwa kwezifo.
Iv. Ukukhiqiza Okuhlakaniphile: "Isikhali Esiyimfihlo" Sokuthuthukisa Ukunemba Kokuzenzakalela
Ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kokukhiqiza okuhlakaniphile, amarobhothi ezimboni kanye nezinhlelo zokuhlola ezenzakalelayo zinezidingo eziphakeme kakhulu zokunemba. Isisekelo sokulinganisa esenziwe ngokunembile nge-granite sesibe yisihluthulelo sokulinganisa ngokunemba kwamarobhothi ezimboni. Ngemva kokusebenza isikhathi eside, ukunemba kokubekwa kwengalo yemishini yamarobhothi ezimboni kuzophambuka, kuthinte ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Isisekelo sokulinganisa i-granite, ngokunemba kwayo okuphezulu kakhulu nokuzinza, sinikeza inkomba enembile yokulinganisa amarobhothi. Ngokuqhathanisa nesisekelo sokulinganisa i-granite, ochwepheshe bangasheshe babone iphutha lokunemba kwerobhothi futhi benze izinguquko ezinembile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi irobhothi lingaqedela imisebenzi yokukhiqiza ngokunemba okuphezulu ngokuya ngohlelo oluhleliwe.
Ohlelweni lokuhlola oluzenzakalelayo, izingxenye ze-granite nazo zidlala indima ebalulekile. Imishini yokuhlola ezenzakalelayo idinga ukwenza ukuhlolwa okusheshayo nokunembile emikhiqizweni, okudinga ukuthi zonke izingxenye zemishini zibe nokuqina okuphezulu kakhulu. Ukwengezwa kwezingxenye ze-granite kuthuthukise ngempumelelo ukusebenza okuphelele kohlelo lokuhlola oluzenzakalelayo, okwenza lukwazi ukugcina ukuzinza ngesikhathi sokusebenza ngesivinini esikhulu, ukuhlonza ngokunembile amaphutha omkhiqizo, nokuthuthukisa izinga lokulawula ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo.
Kusukela ekukhiqizweni kwama-micro semiconductor chip kuya ensimini enkulu yezindiza, bese kuba ucwaningo lwezokwelapha oluhlobene nempilo yabantu kanye nokukhiqiza okuhlakaniphile okuchumayo, ukukhiqizwa kokunemba kwe-granite kukhanya kakhulu ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene ngobuhle bayo obuyingqayizivele kanye nokusebenza okuvelele. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe, amasimu okusetshenziswa kokukhiqiza kokunemba kwe-granite azoqhubeka nokukhula, anikele kakhulu ekukhuthazeni intuthuko yekhwalithi ephezulu yemboni yokukhiqiza yomhlaba wonke.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Juni-19-2025