Emkhakheni wokukhiqiza ama-semiconductor, ukunemba kuyikho konke. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza ama-chip buqhubeka nokuthuthuka buye ezingeni le-nanometer ngisho nasezingeni le-nanometer, noma yiliphi iphutha elincane lingaholela ekwehleni kokusebenza kwama-chip noma ngisho nasekuhlulekeni okuphelele. Kulo mncintiswano wokunemba okuphelele, izesekeli zokunemba kwe-granite, ezinezakhiwo zazo zomzimba nezemishini ezihlukile, ziye zaba yinto ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukunemba kwe-nanoscale kokukhiqizwa kwama-chip.
Ukuqina okuvelele kubeka isisekelo sokunemba
Indawo esendaweni yokukhiqiza ye-semiconductor iyinkimbinkimbi, futhi izici zangaphandle ezifana nokudlidliza kanye nokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa zihlala zisongela ukunemba kokukhiqiza. Izesekeli zokunemba kwe-granite zinokuqina okuphezulu kakhulu, zinikeza isisekelo esiqinile sokukhiqizwa kwe-chip. Isakhiwo sayo sangaphakathi siminyene futhi sifana, sakhiwe ngezinqubo ze-geological eminyakeni engamakhulu ezigidi, futhi sinezici zemvelo zokudambisa okuphezulu. Lapho ukudlidliza kwangaphandle kudluliselwa emishinini yokukhiqiza, izingxenye zokunemba kwe-granite zingamunca futhi zinciphise ngempumelelo amandla angaphezu kuka-80% okudlidliza, kunciphisa kakhulu umthelela wokudlidliza emishinini yokunemba.
Lesi sici sibaluleke kakhulu enqubweni ye-photolithography. I-Photolithography iyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekudluliseni amaphethini okuklama ama-chips kuma-silicon wafers, okudinga ithebula lokusebenza lomshini we-photolithography ukuze kugcinwe ukuzinza okuphezulu kakhulu. Ibhentshi lokusebenzela eliqondile le-granite lingahlukanisa ukuphazamiseka kokudlidliza kusuka phansi kwe-workshop kanye neminye imishini, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iphutha lendawo elihlobene phakathi kwe-silicon wafer kanye ne-photolithography mask lilawulwa ezingeni le-nanometer ngesikhathi senqubo yokuvezwa komshini we-photolithography, ngaleyo ndlela kuqinisekiswa ukudluliselwa okunembile kwephethini.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-coefficient yokwanda kokushisa kwe-granite iphansi kakhulu, ngokuvamile isukela ku-5 kuya ku-7×10⁻⁶/℃. Ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhiqiza i-semiconductor, ukushisa okukhiqizwa ukusebenza kwemishini kanye nokushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa lendawo yokusebenza kungabangela kokubili ukuguqulwa kokushisa kwezinto. Izesekeli zokunemba kwe-granite cishe azithinteki yizinguquko zokushisa futhi zingahlala zigcina ubukhulu nezimo ezizinzile. Isibonelo, enkambisweni yokuchoma ama-chip, ngisho noshintsho oluncane lokushisa lungabangela ukwanda kokushisa kwezingxenye ezibalulekile zemishini yokuchoma, okuholela ekuphambukeni ekujuleni nasekuqondeni kokuchoma. Kodwa-ke, ukusebenzisa izesekeli zokunemba kwe-granite njengezingxenye zokusekela kanye nezithwala umthwalo kungavimbela ngempumelelo lesi simo ukuthi senzeke, kuqinisekiswe ukunemba okuphezulu kanye nokuvumelana kwenqubo yokuchoma.
Ukucubungula okunembe kakhulu kanye nezinzuzo zekhwalithi ephezulu
Ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula obunembile kakhulu bezingxenye zokunemba kwe-granite nakho kuyisici esibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukunemba kokukhiqizwa kwama-chip. Ngobuchwepheshe bokucubungula obuthuthukisiwe kakhulu, ukuba yisicaba kobuso, ukunemba kanye nezinye izinkomba zokunemba zezesekeli ze-granite kungafinyelela ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu. Isibonelo, ngokusebenzisa amasu okugaya nokupholisha e-CNC, ukuba lukhuni kobuso be-granite kungancishiswa kube sezingeni le-nanometer, okwenza indlela yokuqeda ubuso ibe nomphumela ofana nesibuko.
Emishinini yokukhiqiza ama-chip, ikhwalithi ephezulu yobuso bezingxenye ezifana nama-rail e-granite precision guide kanye nama-slider inganciphisa kakhulu ukungqubuzana kanye nokuguga phakathi kwezingxenye ezihambayo. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukuzinza nokunemba kokunyakaza kwemishini, kodwa futhi kwandisa impilo yesevisi yemishini. Thatha imishini yokupakisha ama-chip njengesibonelo. Ama-rail e-granite guide anembile angaqinisekisa ukuthi iphutha lomzila wokunyakaza kwekhanda lokupakisha lapho lithathwa futhi libekwa i-chip lilawulwa ezingeni le-micrometer noma ngisho ne-nanometer, ngaleyo ndlela kufezwe ukuhambisana okunembile kanye nokuxhumana okuthembekile phakathi kwe-chip kanye ne-substrate yokupakisha.
Ukungagugi kanye nokuqina kwesikhathi eside
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-semiconductor kuyinqubo yokukhiqiza eqhubekayo neyesikhathi eside, futhi imishini idinga ukusebenza kahle isikhathi eside. I-Granite inokumelana okuhle kakhulu nokuguguleka, enobunzima be-Mohs obungu-6 kuya ku-7, ekwazi ukumelana nokunyakaza kwemishini isikhathi eside kanye nemithwalo. Ekusebenzeni kwansuku zonke kwemishini yokukhiqiza ama-chip, izingxenye zokunemba kwe-granite azigugi futhi zingahlala zigcina ukusebenza okuzinzile kanye nokunemba.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinto, i-granite ayizwani nokuguquguquka kokukhathala noma ukuwohloka kokusebenza ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa isikhathi eside. Lokhu kusho ukuthi imishini yokukhiqiza ama-chip esebenzisa izingxenye zokunemba kwe-granite isengagcina ukunemba okuphezulu nokuqina ngemva kokusebenza isikhathi eside, okunciphisa ngempumelelo izinga lokukhubazeka komkhiqizo okubangelwa ukwehla kokunemba kwemishini. Kubakhiqizi be-semiconductor, lokhu akugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kodwa futhi kunciphisa nezindleko zokukhiqiza.
Isiphetho
Endleleni yokuphishekela ukunemba kwe-nanoscale ekukhiqizweni kwe-semiconductor, izingxenye zokunemba kwe-granite zidlala indima engenakuphindwa ngokuqina kwazo okuvelele, ukucubungula okunembile okuphezulu kanye nokuthembeka kwesikhathi eside. Kusukela ku-photolithography kuya ekuqopheni, kusukela ekupakishweni kwe-chip kuya ekuhlolweni, izesekeli zokunemba kwe-granite zihamba kuzo zonke izixhumanisi ezibalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwe-chip, zinikeza isiqinisekiso esiqinile sokukhiqizwa kwe-chip okunembile okuphezulu. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe be-semiconductor, izidingo zokunemba zizokhula kakhulu. Izingxenye zokunemba kwe-granite zizoqhubeka nokudlala indima ebalulekile kulo mkhakha, zisize imboni ye-semiconductor ukuthi ifinyelele njalo ukuphakama okusha. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi manje noma esikhathini esizayo, izingxenye zokunemba kwe-granite zizohlala zingamandla ayinhloko okuqinisekisa ukunemba kwezinga le-nanometer ekukhiqizweni kwe-semiconductor.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Meyi-07-2025