Emkhakheni wokukhiqiza ama-semiconductor, ukunemba yikho konke. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza ama-chip buqhubeka buthuthukela ezingeni le-nanometer ngisho nezinga le-nanometer, noma yiliphi iphutha elincane lingase liholele ekwehleni kokusebenza kwe-chip noma ngisho nokwehluleka ngokuphelele. Kulo mncintiswano wokunemba kokugcina, izesekeli ze-granite ezinembayo, ezinezici zazo eziyingqayizivele zomzimba nezomshini, zibe yisici esibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukunemba kwe-nanoscale kokukhiqizwa kwama-chip.
Ukuzinza okuvelele kubeka isisekelo sokunemba
Imvelo endaweni yokusebenzela yokukhiqiza i-semiconductor iyinkimbinkimbi, futhi izici zangaphandle ezifana nokudlidliza nokuguquka kwezinga lokushisa zihlala zisongela ukunemba kokukhiqiza. Izesekeli zokunemba ze-granite zinokuzinza okuphezulu kakhulu, zinikeza isisekelo esiqinile sokukhiqizwa kwama-chip. Isakhiwo sawo sangaphakathi siminyene futhi siyafana, sakhiwe ngezinqubo ze-geological phakathi namakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka, futhi inesici esingokwemvelo sokudambisa okuphezulu. Uma ukudlidliza kwangaphandle kudluliselwa ezintweni zokukhiqiza, izingxenye ezinembayo zegwadle zingamunca ngempumelelo futhi zinciphise ngaphezu kuka-80% wamandla okudlidliza, zehlise ngokuphawulekayo umthelela wokudlidliza kumishini enembayo.
Lesi sici sibaluleke kakhulu enqubweni ye-photolithography. I-Photolithography isinyathelo esibalulekile sokudlulisa amaphethini omklamo wama-chips kumawafa e-silicon, okudinga ithebula lokusebenza lomshini we-photolithography ukuze kugcinwe ukuzinza okuphezulu kakhulu. Ibhentshi lokunemba le-granite lingakwazi ukuhlukanisa ukuphazamiseka kokudlidliza esitezi seshabhu nezinye izinto zokusebenza, iqinisekise ukuthi iphutha lendawo ehlobene phakathi kwewafa ye-silicon nemaski ye-photolithography ilawulwa ezingeni le-nanometer ngesikhathi senqubo yokuvezwa komshini we-photolithography, ngaleyo ndlela iqinisekisa ukudluliswa okunembile kwephethini.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-coefficient yokunwetshwa okushisayo kwe-granite iphansi kakhulu, ngokuvamile isukela ku-5 kuya ku-7×10⁻⁶/℃. Ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhiqiza i-semiconductor, ukushisa okukhiqizwa ukusebenza kwemishini kanye nokushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa lendawo yokusebenzela kungabangela kokubili ukuguquguquka okushisayo kwezinto. Izesekeli zokunemba ze-granite cishe azithintwa ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa futhi zingahlala zigcina izilinganiso nezimo ezizinzile. Isibonelo, enqubweni yokuqopha i-chip, ngisho noshintsho oluncane lokushisa lungabangela ukunwetshwa okushisayo kwezingxenye ezibalulekile zemishini yokufaka, okuholela ekuphambukeni ekujuleni nasekunembeni. Kodwa-ke, ukusebenzisa izesekeli zokunemba ze-granite njengokusekela kanye nezingxenye ezithwalayo kungavimbela ngempumelelo lesi simo ukuthi senzeke, kuqinisekiswe ukunemba okuphezulu nokuvumelana kwenqubo yokufaka.
Ukucubungula okuphezulu nezinzuzo zekhwalithi ephezulu
Ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula okunembayo okuphezulu kwezingxenye zokunemba ze-granite nakho kuyisici esibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukunemba kokukhiqizwa kwama-chips. Ngobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bokucubungula ukunemba kwe-ultra-precision, indawo ephansi, ubuqotho nezinye izinkomba ezinembayo zezesekeli zegwadle zingafinyelela izinga eliphezulu kakhulu. Isibonelo, ngokwamukela amasu e-CNC okugaya nawokupholisha, ubulukhuni be-granite obungaphezulu bungancishiswa bufinyelele ezingeni le-nanometer, kwenze ukuqeda okungaphezulu kufinyelele umphumela ofana nesibuko.
Emishinini yokukhiqiza ama-chip, ikhwalithi engaphezulu enembayo ephezulu yezingxenye ezifana namalayili omhlahlandlela wokunemba wegranite nezilayida kunganciphisa kakhulu ukungqubuzana nokuguga phakathi kwezingxenye ezihambayo. Lokhu akugcini nje ukuthuthukisa ukuzinza nokunemba kokunyakaza kwemishini, kodwa futhi kwandisa impilo yesevisi yemishini. Thatha impahla yokupakisha ye-chip njengesibonelo. Imigqa eqondile yomhlahlandlela we-granite ingaqinisekisa ukuthi iphutha le-trajectory yokunyakaza kwekhanda lokupakisha lapho lithatha futhi libeka i-chip lilawulwa ku-micrometer noma ngisho nezinga le-nanometer, ngaleyo ndlela kuzuzwe ukuqondanisa okunembile nokuxhumana okuthembekile phakathi kwe-chip ne-substrate yokupakisha.
I-anti-wear kanye nokuzinza kwesikhathi eside
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-semiconductor kuyinqubo yokukhiqiza eqhubekayo neyesikhathi eside, futhi okokusebenza kudinga ukusebenza ngokuzinza isikhathi eside. I-Granite inokumelana okuhle kakhulu nokugqokwa, ngobulukhuni be-Mohs obungu-6 ukuya ku-7, obukwazi ukumelana nokunyakaza kwemishini yesikhathi eside nemithwalo. Ekusebenzeni kwansuku zonke kwemishini yokukhiqiza ama-chip, izingxenye ezinembayo ze-granite azijwayele ukuguga futhi zingahlala zigcina ukusebenza okuzinzile nokunemba.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinto, i-granite ayiboni ukuwohloka kokukhathala noma ukuwohloka kokusebenza ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa isikhathi eside. Lokhu kusho ukuthi okokusebenza kokukhiqiza ama-chip kusetshenziswa izingxenye ezinembayo zegwadle kusengagcina ukunemba okuphezulu nokuzinza ngemva kokusebenza isikhathi eside, ukwehlisa ngempumelelo izinga lokonakala komkhiqizo okubangelwa ukwehla kokunemba kwemishini. Kubakhiqizi be-semiconductor, lokhu akugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kodwa futhi kunciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza.
Isiphetho
Endleleni yokuphishekela ukunemba kwe-nanoscale ekukhiqizweni kwe-semiconductor, izingxenye ezinembayo ze-granite zidlala indima engenakuthathelwa indawo ngokuzinza kwazo okuvelele, ukucubungula okunemba okuphezulu nokuthembeka kwesikhathi eside. Kusuka ku-photolithography kuye eku-etching, kusukela ekufakweni kwe-chip kuya ekuhlolweni, izesekeli ezinembayo zegwadle zisebenza kuzo zonke izixhumanisi eziyinhloko ekukhiqizweni kwe-chip, zinikeza isiqinisekiso esiqinile sokwenziwa ngokunemba okuphezulu kwama-chip. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe be-semiconductor, izimfuneko zokunemba zizoba phezulu kakhulu. Izingxenye zokunemba ze-Granite nazo zizoqhubeka zidlala indima ebalulekile kulo mkhakha, zisize imboni ye-semiconductor ukuthi ihlale ifinyelela ukuphakama okusha. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi manje noma ngokuzayo, izingxenye ezinembayo ze-granite zizohlala zingamandla ayinhloko aqinisekisa ukunemba kwezinga le-nanometer ekukhiqizweni kwe-semiconductor.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-07-2025