Ipulatifomu entantayo yomoya oqinile osebenzisa amanzi: Isisekelo se-granite esinokunemba okungavamile.

Ngaphambili ekukhiqizweni okunembile kanye nokuhlola ucwaningo lwesayensi, yonke iminonjana yamaphutha ingaba "isivikelo" esivimbela ukuthuthuka. Njengemishini ebalulekile yokufinyelela ukulawulwa kokunyakaza okunembile okuphezulu, ukusebenza kwepulatifomu yokunyakaza entantayo yomoya ocindezelekile oqondile kuhlobene ngqo nekhwalithi kanye nempumelelo yemiphumela. Phakathi kwezinto eziningi ezithonyayo, isisekelo se-granite, ngezici zaso ezingenakuqhathaniswa, sibe yinto eyinhloko yokuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu kwepulatifomu.
I-granite, ngemva kwezigidi zeminyaka yezinguquko ze-geological ezithambile, isakhiwo sangaphakathi siminyene futhi sifana, ikakhulukazi yi-quartz, i-feldspar kanye nezinye izimbiwa ezixhumene eduze. Lesi sakhiwo esiyingqayizivele esakhiwe ngokwemvelo sinikeza isisekelo se-granite uchungechunge lwezakhiwo ezivelele.

Kuzinzile kakhulu, kuhlukaniswe nokuphazamiseka kwangaphandle
Ukudlidliza endaweni yangaphandle kuyisitha sokunemba kwepulatifomu yokuntanta yomoya ocindezelekile oqondile. Ukudlidliza okubangelwa ukusebenza kwemishini emikhulu nemishini phansi efektri kanye nethrafikhi ezungezile kungadluliselwa epulatifomu ehambayo ngokusebenzisa umhlabathi. Kodwa-ke, isisekelo se-granite sinjengenqaba eqinile "emelana nokuzamazama komhlaba." Isakhiwo sayo sekristalu esiyinkimbinkimbi singavimba futhi sinciphise ukudlidliza ngempumelelo, futhi ngokuhlolwa okusebenzayo, ubukhulu bokudlidliza obudluliselwa epulatifomu bungancishiswa ngaphezu kuka-80%. Eshabhu lokukhiqiza ama-chip e-semiconductor, inqubo ye-photolithography idinga ukunemba kokubeka ukuze ifinyelele ezingeni le-nanometer, futhi ipulatifomu yokuhamba ehambayo yomoya ocindezelekile oqondile osekelwa isisekelo se-granite ingaqinisekisa ukusebenza okuzinzile kwemishini ye-chip lithography endaweni eyinkimbinkimbi yokudlidliza, iqedele ngokunembile ukuqoshwa kwephethini yesekethe, futhi ithuthukise kakhulu isivuno sokukhiqiza ama-chip.
Ukuqina okuhle kokushisa, ungesabi izinguquko zokushisa
Ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa kuzokwenza izinto eziningi zande futhi zinciphe, okuzothinta ukunemba kwemishini. Kodwa-ke, isisekelo se-granite sibonisa ukuzinza okungavamile kokushisa, futhi i-coefficient yayo yokwanda kokushisa iphansi kakhulu, ngokuvamile ku-5-7 × 10⁻⁶/℃. Emkhakheni wezinkanyezi, ipulatifomu yokuhamba emoyeni ocindezelayo oqondile esetshenziswa ukulungisa kahle amalensi amakhulu e-telescope, enesisekelo se-granite, ngisho noma kubhekene nezinguquko ezinkulu ekuhlukeni kwezinga lokushisa phakathi kwemini nobusuku, ingaqinisekisa ukuthi ukunemba kokubekwa kwelensi kugcinwa ezingeni le-sub-micron, kusize izazi zezinkanyezi ukuthi zibambe ngokucacile izinguquko ezicashile zezinto zasezulwini ezikude futhi zihlole izimfihlakalo zendawo yonke ejulile.
Ubulukhuni obuphezulu kanye nokumelana nokuguguleka ukuqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa kwesikhathi eside
Esikhathini eside sepulatifomu entantayo yomoya ocindezelwe ngokunemba okungaguquki, yize kukhona ukwesekwa komoya ontantayo phakathi kwepulatifomu nesisekelo, kusekhona izinga elithile lokungqubuzana. Ubulukhuni begranite buphezulu, ubulukhuni be-Mohs bungafinyelela ku-6-7, ngokumelana okuhle kakhulu nokuguguleka. Elabhorethri yesayensi yezinto zokwakha, ipulatifomu yokunyakaza okuntantayo yomoya ocindezelwe ngokunemba okungaguquki esetshenziswa njalo, isisekelo sayo segranite singamelana ngempumelelo nokulahlekelwa ukungqubuzana kwesikhathi eside, uma kuqhathaniswa nesisekelo esivamile, singandisa umjikelezo wokugcinwa kwepulatifomu ngaphezu kuka-50%, sinciphise izindleko zokugcinwa kwemishini, futhi siqinisekise ukuqhubeka komsebenzi wocwaningo lwesayensi.
Ukukhethwa kwesisekelo segranite seplatifomu yokunyakaza okuntantayo komoya ocindezelwe ngokunemba okumile kuyindlela yokugcina yokuphishekela ukunemba, ukuzinza nokuqina. Emikhakheni yokukhiqiza i-semiconductor, ukukhiqizwa kwezinsimbi ezibonakalayo, izindiza, ucwaningo lwesayensi kanye nokuhlola, okudinga ukunemba okuqinile, iplatifomu yokunyakaza okuntantayo komoya ocindezelwe ngokunemba okumile osekelwa isisekelo segranite idlala indima ebalulekile engenakuphikwa, ikhuthaza intuthuko yezimboni ezahlukahlukene ekufinyeleleni ekuqondeni okuphezulu.