Umehluko phakathi kwe-ceramics kanye ne-ceramics enembile

Umehluko phakathi kwe-ceramics kanye ne-ceramics enembile

Izinsimbi, izinto eziphilayo, kanye nezinto zobumba zibizwa ngokuthi “izinto ezintathu ezinkulu”. Igama elithi Ceramics kuthiwa livela ku-Keramos, igama lesiGreki elisho ubumba olushiswayo. Ekuqaleni libhekiselwa ezintweni zobumba, muva nje, igama elithi ceramics laqala ukusetshenziswa ukubhekisela ezintweni ezingezona ezensimbi nezingaphili okuhlanganisa izinto eziphikisayo, ingilazi, kanye nesamente. Ngenxa yezizathu ezingenhla, izinto zobumba manje sezingachazwa ngokuthi “imikhiqizo esebenzisa izinto ezingezona ezensimbi noma ezingaphili futhi eziphathwa ngokushisa okuphezulu enqubweni yokukhiqiza”.

Phakathi kwezinto zobumba, ukusebenza okuphezulu kanye nokunemba okuphezulu kuyadingeka ezintweni zobumba ezisetshenziswa ezinhlosweni ezahlukene zezimboni, kufaka phakathi imboni ye-elekthronikhi. Ngakho-ke, manje sezibizwa ngokuthi “izinto zobumba eziqondile” ukuze ziqhathaniswe nezinto zobumba ezivamile ezenziwe ngezinto zemvelo ezifana nobumba kanye ne-silica. Izinto zobumba eziqondile ziyizinto zobumba eziqondile kakhulu ezenziwe kusetshenziswa “impuphu yezinto zokusetshenziswa ezikhethiwe noma ezenziwe ngendlela eqondile” ngokusebenzisa “inqubo yokukhiqiza elawulwa ngokuqinile” kanye “nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali okulungisiwe kahle”.

Izinto zokusetshenziswa kanye nezindlela zokukhiqiza ziyahlukahluka kakhulu
Izinto zokusetshenziswa ezisetshenziswa ezintweni zobumba ziyizimbiwa zemvelo, kanti lezo ezisetshenziswa ezintweni zobumba ezinembile ziyizinto zokusetshenziswa ezihlanziwe kakhulu.

Imikhiqizo ye-ceramic inezici zobulukhuni obuphezulu, ukumelana nokushisa okuhle kakhulu, ukumelana nokugqwala, ukufudumala kukagesi, njll. I-ceramics, izinto eziphikisayo, ingilazi, usimende, i-ceramics enembile, njll. yimikhiqizo emele yona. Ngokusekelwe kulezi zakhiwo ezingenhla, i-ceramics enembile inezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zemishini, zikagesi, ze-optical, zamakhemikhali, kanye nezamakhemikhali, kanye nemisebenzi enamandla kakhulu. Njengamanje, i-ceramics enembile isetshenziswa kabanzi emikhakheni ehlukahlukene njenge-semiconductors, izimoto, ukuxhumana ngolwazi, imishini yezimboni, kanye nokunakekelwa kwezokwelapha. Umehluko phakathi kwe-ceramics yendabuko njenge-ceramics kanye ne-ceramics ehlanzekile uncike kakhulu ezintweni zokusetshenziswa kanye nezindlela zazo zokukhiqiza. I-ceramics yendabuko yenziwa ngokuxuba amaminerali emvelo njenge-mudstone, i-feldspar, nobumba, bese ibumba futhi ishise. Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-ceramics enembile isebenzisa izinto zokusetshenziswa zemvelo ezihlanziwe kakhulu, izinto zokusetshenziswa zokwenziwa ezenziwe ngokwelashwa kwamakhemikhali, kanye nama-compounds angekho emvelweni. Ngokwenza izinto zokusetshenziswa ezishiwo ngenhla, kungatholakala into enezakhiwo ezifiselekayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto zokusetshenziswa ezilungisiwe zenziwa imikhiqizo enenani eliphezulu enokunemba okuphezulu kakhulu kanye nemisebenzi enamandla ngezinqubo zokucubungula ezilawulwa ngokunembile njengokubumba, ukudubula, nokugaya.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinto zobumba:

1. Izitsha Zobumba Nobumba

1.1 Izinto zobumba

Isitsha esingagqokwanga esenziwe ngokuxova ubumba, silubumbe bese silushisa ekushiseni okuphansi (cishe ngo-800°C). Lokhu kufaka phakathi izitsha zobumba zesitayela se-Jomon, izitsha zobumba ze-Yayoi, izinto ezivubukuliwe ezivela eMpumalanga Ephakathi naseMpumalanga Eseduze ngo-6000 BC njalo njalo. Imikhiqizo esetshenziswa njengamanje ikakhulukazi izimbiza zezimbali ezibomvu ngokunsundu, izitini ezibomvu, izitofu, izihlungi zamanzi, njll.

1.2 Izinto Zobumba

Ishiswa ekushiseni okuphezulu (1000-1250°C) kunezitsha zobumba, futhi imunca amanzi futhi ingumkhiqizo oshiswayo osetshenziswa ngemva kokugqwala. Lokhu kufaka phakathi i-SUEKI, i-RAKUYAKI, i-Maiolica, i-Delftware, njll. Manje imikhiqizo esetshenziswa kabanzi ikakhulukazi amasethi etiye, izitsha zokudla, amasethi ezimbali, amathayili njalo njalo.

1.3 I-Porcelain

Umkhiqizo omhlophe oshiswayo oqina ngokuphelele ngemva kokufaka i-silica ne-feldspar ebumbeni elihlanzekile kakhulu (noma itshe lodaka), ukuxuba, ukubumba, nokushisa. Kusetshenziswa ama-glaze anemibala. Yasungulwa esikhathini sobushiqela (ikhulu lesi-7 nelesi-8) laseShayina njengeSui Dynasty kanye neTang Dynasty futhi yasakazeka emhlabeni wonke. Kukhona ikakhulukazi iJingdezhen, i-Arita ware, iSeto ware njalo njalo. Imikhiqizo esetshenziswa kabanzi manje ifaka kakhulu izinto zokudla etafuleni, ama-insulators, ubuciko nemisebenzi yezandla, amathayili okuhlobisa njalo njalo.

2. Izinto ezivuselelayo

Iyabunjwa futhi ishiswe ngezinto ezingaboli lapho amazinga okushisa aphezulu. Isetshenziselwa ukwakha izitofu zokuncibilikisa insimbi, ukwenza insimbi kanye nokuncibilikisa ingilazi.

3. Ingilazi

Kuyisiqina esingenasimo esakhiwe ngokushisa nokuncibilikisa izinto zokusetshenziswa ezifana ne-silica, i-limestone kanye ne-soda ash.

4. Usimende

Impuphu etholakala ngokuxuba i-limestone ne-silica, i-calcining, bese ifaka i-gypsum. Ngemva kokufaka amanzi, amatshe nesihlabathi kuyanamatheliswa ndawonye ukuze kwakheke ukhonkolo.

5. I-Ceramic Yezimboni Eqondile

I-ceramics ecolekile iyi-ceramics enembile kakhulu ekhiqizwa “ngokusebenzisa i-powder yezinto eziluhlaza ezikhethiwe noma ezenziwe ngendlela ethile, ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali okulungiswe kahle” + “inqubo yokukhiqiza elawulwa ngokuqinile”. Uma iqhathaniswa ne-ceramics yendabuko, inemisebenzi enamandla kakhulu, ngakho-ke isetshenziswa kabanzi ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zokusebenza njenge-semiconductors, izimoto, kanye nemishini yezimboni. I-ceramics ecolekile yayibizwa ngokuthi i-ceramics entsha kanye ne-ceramics ethuthukisiwe isikhathi esithile.