Ezindaweni ezisezingeni eliphezulu njengokukhiqizwa kwe-semiconductor kanye nokulinganisa ukunemba kwe-quantum, okuzwela kakhulu ezindaweni ezisebenza ngogesi, ngisho nokuphazamiseka okuncane kagesi emishinini kungabangela ukuchezuka okunembayo, kuthinte ikhwalithi yokugcina yomkhiqizo nemiphumela yokuhlola. Njengengxenye ebalulekile esekela okokusebenza okunembayo, izici zokuba sengozini kazibuthe zamaplathifomu anemba egwadule zibe yinto ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukusebenza okuzinzile kwempahla. Ukuhlola okujulile kokusebenza kokuba sengozini kazibuthe kwezinkundla ezinembayo zegwadle kusiza ekuqondeni inani lazo elingenakuthathelwa indawo ekukhiqizeni okusezingeni eliphezulu nezimo zocwaningo lwesayensi. I-Granite yakhiwe ikakhulukazi ngamaminerali afana ne-quartz, i-feldspar ne-mica. Isakhiwo se-elekthronikhi salawa makristalu amaminerali sinquma izici zokubamba kazibuthe zegwadle. Ngokombono we-microscopic, ngaphakathi kwamaminerali afana ne-quartz (SiO_2) ne-feldspar (njenge-potassium feldspar (KAlSi_3O_8)), ama-electron ngokuvamile akhona ngamabili ngaphakathi kwamabhondi e-covalent noma i-ionic. Ngokwesimiso sika-Pauli sokungafakwa ku-quantum mechanics, izikhombisi-ndlela zokujikeleza zama-electron ama-electron abhanqiwe ziphambene, futhi izikhathi zawo kazibuthe ziyakhansela, okwenza impendulo iyonke yamaminerali endaweni yamagnetic yangaphandle ibe buthaka kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, i-granite iwumsebenzi we-diamagnetic ojwayelekile onokuthambekela kazibuthe okuphansi kakhulu, ngokuvamile okuhambisana nokuhlelwa kokuthi \(-10^{-5}\), okungacishe kunganakwa. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinto zensimbi, inzuzo yokuba sengozini kazibuthe yegwadle ibaluleke kakhulu. Izinto eziningi zensimbi ezifana nensimbi ziyizinto ze-ferromagnetic noma ze-paramagnetic, ezinenani elikhulu lama-electron angabhanqiwe ngaphakathi. Izikhathi zikazibuthe ezijikelezayo zalawa ma-electron zingase zibheke ngokushesha futhi ziqondaniswe ngaphansi kwesenzo senkambu kazibuthe yangaphandle, okuholela ekuthambekeni kazibuthe kwezinto ezisetshenziswa njengensimbi phezulu njengokuhleleka kokuthi \(10^2-10^6\). Uma kukhona amasignali ka-electromagnetic avela ngaphandle, izinto zensimbi zizohambisana ngokuqinile nenkundla kazibuthe, zenze ama-electromagnetic eddy currents kanye nokulahleka kwe-hysteresis, okubuye kuphazamise ukusebenza okuvamile kwezingxenye ze-elekthronikhi ngaphakathi kwemishini. Amapulatifomu anemba we-Granite, anokuthambekela kukazibuthe okuphansi kakhulu, awahlangani neze nezinkundla kazibuthe zangaphandle, agwema ngempumelelo ukukhiqizwa kokuphazanyiswa nguzibuthe kagesi nokudala indawo yokusebenza ezinzile yezisetshenziswa ezinembayo. Kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezingokoqobo, isici esiphansi sokuba sengozini kazibuthe samapulatifomu anemba egwadule adlala indima ebalulekile. Ezinhlelweni zamakhompiyutha we-quantum, ama-superconducting qubits azwela kakhulu kumsindo we-electromagnetic. Ngisho nokuguquguquka kwenkundla kazibuthe yezinga le-1nT (nanotesla) kungase kubangele ukulahlekelwa ukuhambisana kwama-qubits, okuholela emaphutheni okubala. Ngemuva kokuthi ithimba elithile locwaningo lithathele indawo inkundla yokuhlola ngezinto zegwadle, umsindo wangemuva uzibuthe ozungeze okokusebenza wehle kakhulu ukusuka ku-5nT ukuya ngaphansi kuka-0.1nT. Isikhathi sokuhambisana kwama-qubits sanwetshwa izikhathi ezintathu, futhi izinga lephutha lokusebenza lehliswa ngama-80%, okwandisa kakhulu ukuzinza nokunemba kwe-quantum computing. Emkhakheni wemishini ye-semiconductor lithography, umthombo wokukhanya okwedlulele kwe-ultraviolet nezinzwa ezinembayo phakathi nenqubo ye-lithography zinezidingo eziqinile ngendawo kazibuthe kagesi. Ngemva kokwamukela isiteji sokunemba se-granite, okokusebenza kwamelana ngempumelelo nokuphazamiseka kwamagnetic kwangaphandle, futhi ukunemba kokumisa kwathuthukiswa kusuka ku-±10nm kuya ku-±3nm, okuhlinzeka isiqinisekiso esiqinile sokukhiqizwa okuzinzile kwezinqubo ezithuthukisiwe ze-7nm nangaphansi. Ukwengeza, kumakhroskopu ama-electron anembe kakhulu, okokusebenza kwe-nuclear magnetic resonance resonance nezinye izisetshenziswa ezizwelayo endaweni kazibuthe, izinkundla zokunemba zegwadle ziphinde ziqinisekise ukuthi okokusebenza kungenza okungcono kakhulu ngenxa yezimpawu zazo eziphansi zokuthambekela kazibuthe. Ukuthambekela kozibuthe okucishe kube yiziro kwamapulatifomu anemba egwadule kuwenza abe yinketho efanelekile yezinto zokusebenza ezinembayo ukumelana nokuphazamiseka kukazibuthe. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthukela ekunembeni okuphezulu kanye nezinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, izidingo zokuhambisana kwe-electromagnetic yemishini ziya ngokuya ziba namandla. Izinkundla zokunemba ze-Granite, ezinale nzuzo eyingqayizivele, nakanjani zizoqhubeka zidlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni okuphezulu kanye nocwaningo lwesayensi olusezingeni eliphezulu, okusiza imboni ukuthi ihlale ibhodloza izingqinamba zobuchwepheshe futhi ifinyelele ukuphakama okusha.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-14-2025