Emkhakheni wokukhiqiza okunembayo, umbono oyiphutha ovamile ukuthi "ukuminyana okuphezulu = ukuqina okuqinile = ukunemba okuphezulu". Isisekelo se-granite, esinokuminyana okungu-2.6-2.8g/cm³ (7.86g/cm³ yensimbi ecijile), sizuze ukunemba okudlula lokho kwama-micrometer noma ama-nanometers. Ngemuva kwalokhu "i-counter-intuitive" kukhona ukusebenzisana okujulile kwe-mineralogy, mechanics kanye namasu okucubungula. Okulandelayo kuhlaziya izimiso zayo zesayensi kusuka ezinhlangothini ezine ezinkulu.
1. Ukuminyana ≠ Ukuqina: Indima ewujuqu yesakhiwo sezinto ezibonakalayo
"Ikhekheba lezinyosi zemvelo" isakhiwo sekristalu se-granite
I-Granite yakhiwe ngamakristalu amaminerali afana ne-quartz (SiO₂) ne-feldspar (KalSi₃O₈), ahlanganiswe eduze namabhondi e-ionic/covalent, akha isakhiwo esifana nekhekheba lezinyosi. Lesi sakhiwo sisinikeza izici ezihlukile:
Amandla acindezelayo afana nalawo ensimbi ekhonjiwe: afinyelela ku-100-200 mpa (100-250 mpa ngensimbi empunga), kodwa i-elastic modulus iphansi (70-100 gpa vs 160-200 gpa yensimbi ephonswe), okusho ukuthi mancane amathuba okuthi iguqulwe ipulasitiki ngaphansi kwamandla.
Ukukhululwa kwemvelo kokucindezeleka kwangaphakathi: I-Granite iye yaguga ngaphezu kwamakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka yezinqubo ze-geological, futhi ukucindezeleka kwensalela yangaphakathi kusondela ku-zero. Uma i-cast iron ipholiswa (ngesilinganiso sokupholisa> 50℃/s), ingcindezi yangaphakathi efinyelela ku-50-100 mpa iyakhiqizwa, okudinga ukuqedwa ngokufaka i-anneal yokwenziwa. Uma ukwelashwa kungaphelele, kuthambekele ekuguqulweni ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa isikhathi eside.
2. Isakhiwo sensimbi "esinezici eziningi" sensimbi ekhonjiwe
I-cast iron iyingxube ye-iron-carbon, futhi inokukhubazeka njenge-flake graphite, ama-pores kanye ne-shrinkage porosity ngaphakathi.
I-matrix yokuhlukaniswa kwe-graphite: I-Flake graphite ilingana "nama-microcracks" angaphakathi, okuholela ekunciphiseni ngo-30% -50% endaweni yangempela ethwala umthwalo yensimbi ekhonjiwe. Nakuba amandla okucindezela aphezulu, amandla okuguquguquka aphansi (kuphela i-1/5-1/10 yamandla okucindezela), futhi athambekele ekuqhekekeni ngenxa yokugxila kokucindezeleka kwendawo.
Ukuminyana okuphezulu kodwa ukusabalalisa ngobuningi obungalingani: I-cast iron iqukethe u-2% kuya ku-4% wekhabhoni. Ngesikhathi sokuphonsa, ukuhlukaniswa kwe-carbon element kungabangela ukuguquguquka kokuminyana okungu-±3%, kuyilapho igwadule inokufana kokusabalalisa amaminerali okungaphezu kuka-95%, okuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwesakhiwo.
Okwesibili, inzuzo enembile yokuminyana okuphansi: ukucindezelwa okubili kokushisa nokudlidliza
"Inzuzo yemvelo" yokulawula ukubola kwe-thermal
I-coefficient yokunwetshwa kwe-thermal iyahluka kakhulu: i-granite ingu-0.6-5×10⁻⁶/℃, kuyilapho insimbi ekhonjiwe ingu-10-12×10⁻⁶/℃. Thatha isisekelo samamitha ayi-10 njengesibonelo. Lapho izinga lokushisa lishintsha ngo-10℃:
Ukunwetshwa kweGranite nokufinyela: 0.06-0.5mm
Ukunwetshwa kwensimbi yensimbi: 1-1.2mm
Lo mehluko wenza i-granite icishe ibe "i-zero deformation" endaweni elawulwa ngokunembile izinga lokushisa (efana no-±0.5℃ endaweni yokusebenzela ye-semiconductor), kuyilapho i-cast iron idinga uhlelo olwengeziwe lwesinxephezelo esishisayo.
Umehluko we-thermal conductivity: I-thermal conductivity ye-granite ingu-2-3W/(m · K), okuyi-1/20-1/30 kuphela yaleyo yensimbi eyinsimbi (50-80W/(m · K)). Ezimeni zokushisisa okokusebenza (njengalapho izinga lokushisa lemoto lifinyelela ku-60℃), izinga lokushisa elingaphezulu legwadle lingaphansi kuka-0.5℃/m, kuyilapho lelo lensimbi lingafinyelela ku-5-8℃/m, okuholela ekwandeni kwendawo okungalingani futhi kuthinte ukuqondisa kukajantshi oqondisayo.
2. Umphumela "wokudambisa imvelo" wokucindezelwa kokudlidliza
Indlela yokuhlakaza amandla omngcele wokusanhlamvu wangaphakathi: Ama-micro-fractures kanye nokushelela komngcele wokusanhlamvu phakathi kwamakristalu egwadle kungahlakaza ngokushesha amandla okudlidliza, ngesilinganiso sokuswakama esingu-0.3-0.5 (kuyinkathi ku-cast iron kungu-0.05-0.1 kuphela). Ukuhlolwa kubonisa ukuthi ngokudlidliza okungu-100Hz:
Kuthatha imizuzwana engu-0.1 ukuthi i-amplitude ye-granite ibole ibe ngu-10%
I-cast iron ithatha imizuzwana engu-0.8
Lo mehluko wenza i-granite ikwazi ukuzinza ngokushesha ezintweni ezihambayo ezinesivinini esikhulu (njengokuskena okungu-2m/s kwekhanda elinamathelayo), kugwenywe ukonakala "kophawu lokudlidliza".
Umthelela ohlehlayo wesisindo esingenasici: Ukuminyana okuphansi kusho ukuthi isisindo sincane ngevolumu efanayo, futhi amandla angasebenzi (F=ma) kanye nomfutho (p=mv) wengxenye ehambayo aphansi. Isibonelo, lapho uhlaka lwe-granite gantry lwamamitha angu-10 (olunesisindo samathani angu-12) lusheshiselwa ku-1.5G uma kuqhathaniswa nohlaka lwensimbi olusansimbi (amathani angama-20), isidingo samandla okushayela sincishiswa ngo-40%, umthelela wokuqalisa wehla, futhi ukunemba kokuma kuyathuthukiswa.
Iii. Ukuphumelela ekunembeni "kokuzimela kokuminyana" kobuchwepheshe bokucubungula
1. Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ekucutshungulweni okunembe kakhulu
Ukulawulwa kwe-"Crystal-level" yokugaya nokupholisha: Nakuba ubulukhuni begwadle (6-7 esikalini se-Mohs) buphakeme kunobensimbi ecijile (4-5 esikalini se-Mohs), isakhiwo sayo samaminerali siyafana futhi singasuswa nge-athomu ngokusebenzisa i-diamond abrasive + magnetorheological polishing (ukujiya kokupholisha okukodwa <10nm), kanye nezinga eliphezulu (μm. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuba khona kwezinhlayiya ezithambile ze-graphite ku-cast iron, "umphumela we-furplough" uvame ukwenzeka ngesikhathi sokugaya, futhi ubunzima obungaphezulu kunzima ukuba bube ngaphansi kuka-Ra 0.8μm.
Inzuzo "yengcindezi ephansi" yomshini we-CNC: Lapho ucubungula igwalagwala, amandla okusika angu-1/3 kuphela walawo ensimbi ecijile (ngenxa yokuminyana kwayo okuphansi kanye ne-modulus encane enwebekayo), okuvumela isivinini esiphezulu sokujikeleza (ama-revolutions angu-100,000 ngomzuzu) kanye namazinga okuphakela (5000mm/min), ukunciphisa ukuguga kwamathuluzi nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokucubungula. Ikesi elithile lomshini lama-axis amahlanu libonisa ukuthi isikhathi sokucutshungulwa semigodi kaloliwe yegwadi limfushane ngo-25% kunaleso sensimbi esakazwayo, kuyilapho ukunemba kuthuthukiswa ukuze kube ±2μm.
2. Umehluko "kumphumela okhulayo" wamaphutha omhlangano
Ukusabela kochungechunge lwesisindo sengxenye encishisiwe: Izingxenye ezifana namamotho namareyili angumhlahlandlela abhangqwe nezisekelo zokuminyana kancane angakhanyiswa kanyekanye. Isibonelo, lapho amandla enjini yomugqa ehliswa ngo-30%, ukukhiqizwa kwayo kokushisa nokudlidliza nakho kwehla ngokufanele, kwakha umjikelezo omuhle "wokunemba okuthuthukisiwe - ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuncishisiwe".
Ukugcinwa kokunemba kwesikhathi eside: Ukumelana nokugqwala kwe-granite kuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-15 kune-cast iron (i-quartz imelana nokuguguleka kwe-asidi ne-alkali). Esimeni senkungu ye-semiconductor acid, ukungezwani komhlaba kuyashintsha ngemva kweminyaka eyi-10 yokusetshenziswa kungaphansi kuka-0.02μm, kuyilapho insimbi ewuketshezi idinga ukugaywa futhi ilungiswe minyaka yonke, ngephutha elikhulayo elingu-±20μm.
Iv. Ubufakazi Bezimboni: Isibonelo Esingcono Kakhulu Sokuminyana Okuphansi ≠ Ukusebenza Okuphansi
Imishini yokuhlola i-semiconductor
Idatha yokuqhathanisa yenkundla ethile yokuhlola i-wafer:
2. Izinsimbi ezibonakalayo zokunemba
Ubakaki womtshina we-infrared we-NASA's James Webb Telescope yenziwe ngegwadle. Kungokusebenzisa ngokunenzuzo ukuminyana kwayo okuphansi (ukunciphisa ukukhokhelwa kwesathelayithi) kanye nokwanda okushisayo okuphansi (okuzinzile emazingeni okushisa aphansi kakhulu -270℃) lapho kuqinisekiswa khona ukunemba kokuqondisa kwe-nano-level optical, kuyilapho ubungozi bensimbi ecijile iba brittle emazingeni okushisa aphansi iyaqedwa.
Isiphetho: "Umqondo ophikisayo ojwayelekile" kusayensi yezinto zokwakha
Inzuzo enembayo yezisekelo zegwadle empeleni ilele ekunqobeni okunengqondo kokuthi "ukufana kwesakhiwo > ukuminyana, ukuzinza kokushaqeka okushisayo > ukuqina okulula". Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi ukuminyana kwayo okuphansi akubanga indawo ebuthakathaka, kodwa futhi izuze ukugxuma ngokunemba ngezinyathelo ezinjengokunciphisa inertia, ukwenza ngcono ukulawula okushisayo, nokuzivumelanisa nokucubungula okunembe kakhulu. Lesi senzakalo sibonisa umthetho oyinhloko wokukhiqiza ukunemba: izakhiwo zezinto ezibonakalayo ziyibhalansi ebanzi yamapharamitha anezinhlangothi eziningi kunokuba kube ukunqwabelana okulula kwezinkomba ezizodwa. Ngokuthuthukiswa kwe-nanotechnology kanye nokukhiqizwa okuluhlaza, izinto ze-granite ezisezingeni eliphansi nezisebenza kakhulu zichaza kabusha umbono wezimboni othi "sindayo" kanye "nokukhanya", "okuqinile" kanye "nokuguquguquka", kuvula izindlela ezintsha zokukhiqiza okuphezulu.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-19-2025