Uyini umshini wokulinganisa wokuhlanganisa?

Axhumanisa umshini wokulinganisa(CMM) iyithuluzi elikala i-geometry yezinto ezibonakalayo ngokuzwa amaphoyinti ahlukene ebusweni bento nge-probe.Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zama-probe zisetshenziswa kuma-CMM, kufaka phakathi ukukhanya kwemishini, i-optical, i-laser, nokukhanya okumhlophe.Ngokuya ngomshini, indawo yokuhlola ingase ilawulwe ngesandla ngu-opharetha noma ingase ilawulwe ngekhompuyutha.Ama-CMM ngokuvamile acacisa indawo yophenyo ngokuya ngokususwa kwayo endaweni eyireferensi kusistimu yokuxhumanisa ye-Cartesian enezinhlangothi ezintathu (okungukuthi, ngezimbazo ze-XYZ).Ngokungeziwe ekuhambiseni uphenyo ngezimbazo X, Y, kanye no-Z, imishini eminingi iphinde ivumele i-engeli ye-probe ukuthi ilawulwe ukuze kuvunyelwe ukukalwa kwezindawo ebezingeke zifinyeleleke.

I-CMM “yebhuloho” elijwayelekile le-3D ivumela ukunyakaza kophenyo ngezimbazo ezintathu, u-X, Y kanye no-Z, ane-orthogonal enye kwenye ohlelweni lwe-Cartesian olunezinhlangothi ezintathu.I-eksisi ngayinye inenzwa eqapha ukuma kwe-probe kuleyo eksisi, ngokuvamile ngokunemba kwe-micrometer.Lapho i-probe ithinta (noma ngenye indlela ithola) indawo ethile entweni, umshini uthatha amasampula ezinzwa zokuma ezintathu, ngaleyo ndlela ukala indawo yephuzu elilodwa ebusweni bento, kanye nevektha engu-3-dimensional yesilinganiso esithathiwe.Le nqubo iphindaphindiwe njengoba kudingekile, ihambisa i-probe isikhathi ngasinye, ukukhiqiza "ifu lephuzu" elichaza izindawo ezingaphezulu ezithakazelisayo.

Ukusetshenziswa okuvamile kwama-CMM kusekwenziweni nasekuhlanganiseni izinqubo zokuhlola ingxenye noma ukuhlanganiswa ngokumelene nenjongo yokuklama.Kulezo zinhlelo zokusebenza, amafu ephuzu akhiqizwa ahlaziywa ngama-algorithms okuhlehla ukuze kwakhiwe izici.Lawa maphuzu aqoqwa ngokusebenzisa i-probe ebekwe ngesandla ngu-opharetha noma ngokuzenzakalelayo nge-Direct Computer Control (DCC).Ama-CMM e-DCC angahlelwa ukuthi alinganise ngokuphindaphindiwe izingxenye ezifanayo;ngaleyo ndlela i-CMM ezenzakalelayo iwuhlobo olukhethekile lwerobhothi lezimboni.

Izingxenye

Imishini yokukala yokuhlanganisa ihlanganisa izingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko:

• Isakhiwo esikhulu esihlanganisa izimbazo ezintathu zokunyakaza.Izinto ezisetshenziselwa ukwakha uhlaka olunyakazayo ziye zahlukahluka ngokuhamba kweminyaka.I-Granite nensimbi zazisetshenziswa kuma-CMM okuqala.Namuhla bonke abakhiqizi abakhulu be-CMM bakha amafreyimu kusuka ku-aluminium alloy noma okunye okuphumayo futhi basebenzisa i-ceramic ukukhulisa ukuqina kwe-axis ye-Z yokuskena izinhlelo zokusebenza.Bambalwa abakhi be-CMM namuhla abasakha uhlaka lwe-granite lwe-CMM ngenxa yemfuneko yemakethe yokuthuthuka kwe-metrology kanye nethrendi ekhulayo yokufaka i-CMM ngaphandle kwelebhu yekhwalithi.Imvamisa kuphela abakhi bevolumu ephansi be-CMM nabakhiqizi basekhaya e-China nase-India abasakhiqiza i-granite CMM ngenxa yendlela yobuchwepheshe obuphansi kanye nokungena okulula ukuze ube umakhi wozimele we-CMM.Ukuthambekela okwandayo kokuskena nakho kudinga ukuthi i-axis ye-CMM Z iqine futhi izinto ezintsha sezifakiwe njenge-ceramic ne-silicon carbide.
• Isistimu yokuhlola
• Ukuqoqwa kwedatha nohlelo lokunciphisa - ngokuvamile luhlanganisa isilawuli somshini, ikhompuyutha yedeskithophu nesofthiwe yohlelo lokusebenza.

Ukutholakala

Le mishini ingaba mahhala, ibanjwe ngesandla futhi iphatheke.

Ukunemba

Ukunemba kwemishini yokulinganisa yokuhlanganisa ngokuvamile kunikezwa njengesici sokungaqiniseki njengomsebenzi webanga.Ku-CMM esebenzisa i-touch probe, lokhu kuhlobene nokuphindaphinda kwe-probe kanye nokunemba kwezikali zomugqa.Ukuphindaphinda kwe-probe evamile kungase kubangele izilinganiso eziphakathi kuka-.001mm noma .00005 amayintshi (ingxenye yeshumi) phezu kwayo yonke ivolumu yokulinganisa.Emishinini ye-axis engu-3, ​​3+2, kanye nemi-5, ama-probe alinganiswa ngokujwayelekile kusetshenziswa izindinganiso ezilandelekayo futhi ukunyakaza komshini kuqinisekiswa kusetshenziswa amageji ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukunemba.

Izingxenye ezithile

Umzimba womshini

I-CMM yokuqala yasungulwa yiFerranti Company yaseScotland ngeminyaka yawo-1950s njengomphumela wesidingo esiqondile sokulinganisa izingxenye ezinembayo emikhiqizweni yabo yezempi, nakuba lo mshini wawunezimbazo ezi-2 kuphela.Amamodeli okuqala e-3-eksisi aqala ukuvela ngeminyaka yawo-1960s (DEA of Italy) kanye nokulawulwa kwekhompyutha kwaqala ekuqaleni kwawo-1970 kodwa i-CMM yokuqala esebenzayo yathuthukiswa futhi yathengiswa nguBrowne & Sharpe eMelbourne, eNgilandi.(I-Leitz Germany yabe isikhiqiza isakhiwo somshini esingashintshi esinetafula elinyakazayo.

Emishinini yesimanje, i-gantry-type superstructure inemilenze emibili futhi ngokuvamile ibizwa ngokuthi ibhuloho.Lokhu kuhamba ngokukhululeka eduze kwetafula legwadle ngomlenze owodwa (ovame ukubizwa ngawo ngokuthi umlenze wangaphakathi) kulandela umzila wesitimela oxhunywe ohlangothini olulodwa lwetafula legwadle.Umlenze ophambene (ngokuvamile ungaphandle komlenze) umane uhlezi phezu kwetafula legwadle elilandela i-contour yendawo eqondile.Ama-air bearings ayindlela ekhethiwe yokuqinisekisa ukuhamba kwamahhala.Kulokhu, umoya ocindezelweyo uphoqelelwa ngochungechunge lwezimbobo ezincane kakhulu endaweni ephethe isicaba ukuze unikeze umcamelo womoya obushelelezi kodwa olawulwayo lapho i-CMM ingahamba khona ngendlela eseduze engaguquki enganxeshezelwa ngesofthiwe.Ukuhamba kwebhuloho noma i-gantry eduze kwetafula le-granite kwakha i-eksisi eyodwa yendiza ye-XY.Ibhuloho le-gantry liqukethe inqola enqamula phakathi kwemilenze yangaphakathi nangaphandle futhi yakhe enye i-eksisi evundlile engu-X noma Y.I-eksisi yesithathu yokunyakaza (i-eksisi Z) ihlinzekwa ngokwengezwa kwequill eqondile noma i-spindle ehamba phezulu naphansi phakathi nendawo yekalishi.I-touch probe yenza idivayisi yokuzwa ekugcineni kwequill.Ukunyakaza kwezimbazo X, Y kanye no-Z kuyichaza ngokugcwele imvilophu yokulinganisa.Amathebula ajikelezayo angakhethwa angasetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa ukufinyeleleka kwe-probe yokulinganisa kuma-workpieces ayinkimbinkimbi.Ithebula elijikelezayo njenge-eksisi yedrayivu yesine ayithuthukisi izilinganiso zokulinganisa, ezihlala ziyi-3D, kodwa linikeza izinga lokuguquguquka.Amanye ama-touch probe wona angamadivayisi ajikelezayo anamandla anethiphu ye-probe ekwazi ukushwiba iqonde ngaphezu kwamadigri angu-180 kanye nokuzungezisa okugcwele okungu-360 degree.

Ama-CMM manje aseyatholakala nangezinye izinhlobo ezahlukene.Lokhu kufaka phakathi izingalo ze-CMM ezisebenzisa izilinganiso ze-angular ezithathwe emalungeni engalo ukuze kubalwe indawo yethiphu ye-stylus, futhi zingagqokwa ngama-probe wokuskena nge-laser nokuthwebula kwe-optical.Ama-CMM angalo anjalo avame ukusetshenziswa lapho ukuphatheka kwawo kuyinzuzo ngaphezu kwama-CMM emibhede engaguquki evamile- ngokugcina izindawo ezilinganiselwe, isofthiwe yokuhlela iphinde ivumele ukuhambisa ingalo yokulinganisa ngokwayo, kanye nevolumu yayo yokulinganisa, ukuzungeza ingxenye ukuze ikalwe phakathi nenqubo yokulinganisa.Ngenxa yokuthi izingalo ze-CMM zilingisa ukuguquguquka kwengalo yomuntu nazo ngokuvamile ziyakwazi ukufinyelela ingaphakathi lezingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi ebezingenakuphenywa kusetshenziswa umshini ojwayelekile wama-eksisi amathathu.

Uphenyo lomshini

Ezinsukwini zokuqala ze-coordinate measurement (CMM), ama-probe emishini afakwa esibambi esikhethekile ekugcineni kwe-quill.I-probe evame kakhulu yenziwa ngokunamathisela ibhola eliqinile kuze kube sekugcineni kwe-shaft.Lokhu bekulungile ukukala uhla lonke lobuso obuyisicaba, indawo eyisilinda noma eyindilinga.Amanye ama-probe asekelwe emimoyeni ethize, isibonelo i-quadrant, ukuze kunikwe amandla ukukalwa kwezici ezikhethekile.Lawa ma-probe abanjwe ngokoqobo kucezu lokusebenza nendawo esikhaleni ifundwa ku-3-axis digital readout (DRO) noma, kumasistimu athuthuke kakhulu, ingene kukhompuyutha kusetshenziswa i-footswitch noma idivayisi efanayo.Izilinganiso ezithathwe yile ndlela yokuxhumana ngokuvamile bezingethembekile njengoba imishini inyakaziswa ngesandla futhi umqhubi womshini ngamunye asebenzise amanani ahlukene okucindezela kuphenyo noma amukele amasu ahlukahlukene okulinganisa.

Okunye okuthuthukile kwaba ukwengezwa kwezinjini zokushayela i-eksisi ngayinye.Ama-opharetha kwakungasadingeki ukuthi bathinte umshini ngokomzimba kodwa babekwazi ukushayela i-eksisi ngayinye besebenzisa ibhokisi lesandla elinama-joystick ngendlela efanayo nangezimoto zesimanje ezilawulwa kude.Ukunemba kwesilinganiso nokunemba kuye kwathuthuka kakhulu ngokusungulwa kwe-electronic touch trigger probe.Ingqalabutho yalesi sisetshenziswa esisha sophenyo kwakunguDavid McMurtry owakha lokho manje osekuyiRenishaw plc.Nakuba kuseyidivayisi yokuxhumana, i-probe yayinebhola lensimbi elilayishwe entwasahlobo (kamuva ibhola le-ruby) lokuloba.Njengoba uphenyo luthinta ubuso bengxenye ukuloba kwaphambuka futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo kwathumela ulwazi lokuxhumanisa u-X,Y,Z kukhompyutha.Amaphutha okulinganisa abangelwa ama-opharetha ngabanye aba mbalwa futhi isiteji sase simiselwe ukwethulwa kokusebenza kwe-CNC kanye nokuza kweminyaka yama-CMM.

Ama-Optical probes ama-lens-CCD-systems, anyakaziswa njengemishini, futhi aqondiswe endaweni okuthakaselayo, esikhundleni sokuthinta into.Isithombe esithwetshuliwe sobuso sizovalwa emingceleni yefasitela lokulinganisa, kuze kube yilapho okusele kwanele ukuze kuhluke phakathi kwezindawo ezimnyama nezimhlophe.Ijika elihlukanisayo lingabalwa iphuzu, okuyiphoyinti lokulinganisa elifunwayo emkhathini.Ulwazi oluvundlile ku-CCD luyi-2D (XY) futhi ukuma okume mpo ukuma kwesistimu yokuhlola ephelele ku-stand Z-drive (noma enye ingxenye yedivayisi).

Iskena amasistimu we-probe

Kunamamodeli amasha anama-probe adonsa ngaphezulu kwengxenye ethatha amaphoyinti ngezikhathi ezithile, aziwa ngokuthi ama-scan probe.Le ndlela yokuhlola i-CMM ivamise ukunemba kakhudlwana kunendlela evamile yokuhlola ukuthintwa futhi izikhathi eziningi ngokushesha futhi.

Isizukulwane esilandelayo sokuskena, esaziwa ngokuthi ukuskena okungaxhunywanga, okuhlanganisa isivinini esiphezulu se-laser single point triangulation, ukuskena komugqa we-laser, nokuskena kokukhanya okumhlophe, sithuthuka ngokushesha okukhulu.Le ndlela isebenzisa imishayo ye-laser noma ukukhanya okumhlophe okuvezwa ebusweni bengxenye.Izinkulungwane eziningi zamaphuzu zingabe sezithathwa futhi zisetshenziswe hhayi kuphela ukuhlola usayizi nendawo, kodwa ukwakha isithombe se-3D sengxenye futhi.Le "datha ye-point-cloud" ingase idluliselwe kusofthiwe ye-CAD ukuze udale imodeli esebenzayo ye-3D yengxenye.Lezi zithwebuli ezibonakalayo zivame ukusetshenziswa ezingxenyeni ezithambile noma ezithambile noma ukusiza ubunjiniyela obuhlehlayo.

I-Micrometrology probes

Amasistimu okuhlola ama-microscale metrology angenye indawo evelayo.Kunemishini yokulinganisa edidiyelwe eminingana etholakala ngokwentengiso (CMM) ene-microprobe edidiyelwe ohlelweni, amasistimu athile akhethekile ezindaweni zokucwaninga zikahulumeni, kanye nanoma iyiphi inombolo yezinkundla ze-metrology ezakhiwe enyuvesi ze-microscale metrology.Nakuba le mishini imihle futhi ezimweni eziningi izinkundla ze-metrology ezinhle kakhulu ezinezikali ze-nanometric, umkhawulo wayo oyinhloko wuphenyo oluthembekile, oluqinile, olunamandla lwe-micro/nano.^{[ingcaphuno edingekayo]}Izinselele zobuchwepheshe bokuhlola i-microscale zifaka isidingo sophenyo lwesici esiphezulu esinikeza amandla okufinyelela izici ezijulile, ezincane ezinamandla okuxhumana aphansi ukuze kungonakali indawo engaphezulu nokunemba okuphezulu (izinga le-nanometer).^{[ingcaphuno edingekayo]}Ukwengeza ama-microscale probe angenwa kalula yizimo zemvelo ezifana nokuswakama nokusebenzelana kwendawo enjengama-stiction (okubangelwa ukunamathela, i-meniscus, kanye/noma amandla ka-Van der Waals phakathi kokunye).^{[ingcaphuno edingekayo]}

Ubuchwepheshe bokuthola ukuhlola nge-microscale kufaka phakathi inguqulo eyehlisiwe yamaprobe e-CMM yakudala, ama-optical probe, kanye ne-stand wave probe phakathi kokunye.Kodwa-ke, ubuchwepheshe bamanje be-optical abukwazi ukukalwa buncane ngokwanele ukukala isici esijulile, esincane, futhi ukulungiswa kwe-optical kunqunyelwe ubude begagasi bokukhanya.I-X-ray imaging inikeza isithombe sesici kodwa akukho lwazi lwe-metrology olulandelekayo.

Izimiso ezingokwenyama

Ama-Optical probe kanye/noma ama-laser probe angasetshenziswa (uma kungenzeka ngokuhlanganiswa), ashintsha ama-CMM abe ama-microscopes wokulinganisa noma imishini yokulinganisa izinzwa eziningi.Amasistimu wokuqagela ama-fringe, amasistimu we-theodolite triangulation noma amasistimu e-laser distant kanye nama-triangulation awabizwa ngokuthi imishini yokulinganisa, kodwa umphumela wokulinganisa uyafana: indawo yesikhala.Ama-Laser probe asetshenziselwa ukuthola ibanga eliphakathi kwendawo kanye nendawo eyireferensi ekugcineni kochungechunge lwe-kinematic (okungukuthi: ukuphela kwengxenye ye-Z-drive).Lokhu kungasebenzisa umsebenzi we-interferometrical, ukushintshashintsha kokugxilisa ingqondo, ukuchezuka kokukhanya noma isimiso somthunzi we-beam.

Imishini ephathekayo yokulinganisa ukudidiyela

Nakuba ama-CMM endabuko esebenzisa uphenyo oluhamba ngezimbazo ezintathu ze-Cartesian ukukala izici ezibonakalayo zento, ama-CMM aphathekayo asebenzisa izingalo eziveziwe noma, endabeni yama-CMM abonakalayo, amasistimu wokuskena angenawo izingalo asebenzisa izindlela zokubonisa unxantathu futhi anike amandla inkululeko ephelele yokunyakaza. azungeze into.

Ama-CMM aphathekayo anezingalo ezishiwoyo anezimbazo eziyisithupha noma eziyisikhombisa ezihlonyiswe ngezishumeki ezijikelezayo, esikhundleni sezimbazo eziwumugqa.Izingalo eziphathwayo azisindi (imvamisa zingaphansi kwamaphawundi angu-20) futhi zingaphathwa futhi zisetshenziswe cishe noma yikuphi.Kodwa-ke, ama-CMM abonakalayo aya ngokuya asetshenziswa embonini.Idizayinelwe ngamakhamera ahlangene womugqa noma we-matrix (njenge-Microsoft Kinect), ama-CMM abonakalayo mancane kunama-CMM aphathekayo anezingalo, awafaki izintambo, futhi avumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bathathe kalula izilinganiso ze-3D zazo zonke izinhlobo zezinto ezitholakala cishe noma yikuphi.

Ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezingaphindi ezinjengobunjiniyela obuhlehlayo, ukwenza i-prototyping ngokushesha, nokuhlolwa okukhulu kwezingxenye zabo bonke osayizi zifaneleka kahle kuma-CMM aphathekayo.Izinzuzo zama-CMM aphathekayo ziphindaphindeka.Abasebenzisi banokuguquguquka ekuthatheni izilinganiso ze-3D zazo zonke izinhlobo zezingxenye nasezindaweni ezikude/ezinzima kakhulu.Kulula ukuzisebenzisa futhi azidingi indawo elawulwayo ukuthatha izilinganiso ezinembile.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-CMM aphathekayo avame ukubiza kancane kunama-CMM ajwayelekile.

Ukuhwebelana okungokwemvelo kwama-CMM aphathekayo kuwukusebenza mathupha (ahlala edinga umuntu ukuthi awasebenzise).Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunemba kwazo kukonke kungase kungabi nembayo kancane kunaleyo yohlobo lwebhuloho i-CMM futhi ayifaneleki kangako kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza.

Imishini yokulinganisa i-Multisensor

Ubuchwepheshe be-CMM bendabuko obusebenzisa ama-touch probe namuhla buvamise ukuhlanganiswa nobunye ubuchwepheshe bokulinganisa.Lokhu kuhlanganisa i-laser, ividiyo noma izinzwa zokukhanya ezimhlophe ukuze zinikeze lokho okwaziwa ngokuthi ukulinganisa kwe-multisensor.