Ezweni elibaluleke kakhulu lokukhiqiza ngokunemba, lapho ngisho nokuphambuka kwe-micrometer kungalimaza ukuphepha noma ukusebenza, ithuluzi elilodwa lihlala lingenakuphikiswa njengereferensi yokugcina yokunemba: ipuleti lobuso le-granite lebanga le-00. Kusukela ekuhlolweni kwezingxenye zezindiza kuya ekuhlolweni kokukhathala kwamafreyimu amabhayisikili, lawa matshe enziwe ngobuciko abe ngamaqhawe angadunyiswanga obunjiniyela besimanje. Kodwa yini eyenza le nto yasendulo—eyakhiwe ngaphakathi eMhlabeni eminyakeni eyizigidi—ibaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizeni kwekhulu lama-21? Futhi kungani izimboni kusukela kwezimoto kuya ekukhiqizeni kwe-semiconductor zithembela kakhulu ezingxenyeni ze-granite kunezinye izindlela zensimbi zendabuko?
Isayensi Engemuva Kwetshe: Kungani I-Granite Ilawula Ukulinganisa Okunembile
Ngaphansi kobuso obucwebezelisiwe bepuleti ngalinye le-granite lebanga 00 kukhona ubuciko be-geological. Okwakhiwe ngokucwiliswa kancane kwe-magma ngaphansi kwengcindezi enkulu, ukwakheka kwamaminerali okuyingqayizivele kwe-granite—i-quartz engu-25-40%, i-feldspar engu-35-50%, kanye ne-mica engu-5-15%—kudala izinto ezinezakhiwo ezingavamile. “Isakhiwo se-crystalline esixhumene ne-granite sinikeza ukuzinza okungenakuqhathaniswa,” kuchaza uDkt. Elena Marchenko, usosayensi wezinto zokwakha e-Precision Metrology Institute. “Ngokungafani nensimbi ephothiwe, engagoba ngaphansi kokushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa noma ithuthukise imifantu emincane ngenxa yokukhathala kwensimbi, ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi kwe-granite kuye kwancishiswa ngokwemvelo eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane.” Lokhu kuzinza kulinganiswa ku-ISO 8512-2:2011, indinganiso yamazwe ngamazwe ebeka ukubekezelelana okuyisicaba kwamapuleti ebanga 00 ku-≤3μm/m—cishe ububanzi obuyi-1/20th bonwele lomuntu phakathi kwebanga elingamamitha elilodwa.
Izici zomzimba zegranite zifundeka njengohlu lwezifiso zonjiniyela onembile. Ngobunzima beRockwell obuyi-HS 70-80 kanye namandla okucindezela asukela ku-2290-3750 kg/cm², idlula insimbi ephonswe ngesilinganiso esingu-2-3 sokumelana nokuguguleka. Ubuningi bayo, obuchazwe ku-≥2.65g/cm³ yi-ASTM C615, buhlinzeka ngokunciphisa ukudlidliza okumangalisayo—okubalulekile ekulinganisweni okubucayi lapho ngisho nokunyakaza okuncane kakhulu kungonakalisa idatha. Mhlawumbe okubaluleke kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwe-metrology, igranite ayinamagnetic ngokwemvelo futhi izinzile ngokwezinga lokushisa, ine-coefficient yokwanda cishe i-1/3 yensimbi. “Emalabhorethri ethu okuhlola ama-semiconductor, ukuzinza kokushisa kuyikho konke,” kuphawula uMichael Chen, umphathi wokulawula ikhwalithi kwaMicrochip Technologies. “Ipuleti lobuso legranite elingama-00 ligcina ukuqina kwalo ngaphakathi kwama-0.5μm ngaphezu kokushintshashintsha kokushisa okungu-10°C, okungenakwenzeka ngamapuleti ensimbi.”
Izifaki Ezihlanganisiwe Nobuqotho Besakhiwo: I-Granite Yobunjiniyela Yokukhiqiza Kwanamuhla
Nakuba i-granite yemvelo inikeza isisekelo esifanele sokulinganisa ngokunemba, ukuyihlanganisa emisebenzini yezimboni kudinga ubunjiniyela obukhethekile. Izinto zokufaka ezinemicu—izinamathiseli zensimbi ezifakwe etsheni—ziguqula amapuleti angaphezulu angasebenzi abe yizindawo zokusebenza ezisebenzayo ezikwazi ukubopha izinto ezifakiwe, ama-jig, kanye namathuluzi okulinganisa. “Inselele nge-granite ukudala izinamathiselo ezivikelekile ngaphandle kokubeka engcupheni ubuqotho besakhiwo sayo,” kusho uJames Wilson, unjiniyela womkhiqizo kwa-Unparalleled Group, umenzi ohamba phambili wezingxenye ze-granite. “Ngokungafani nensimbi, awukwazi ukumane uthinte imicu ku-granite. Indlela engalungile izobangela ukuqhekeka noma ukuqhekeka.”
Izinhlelo zokufaka ezinemicu zesimanje, njengezihlahla ze-KB ezizikhiyayo ezivela ku-AMA Stone, zisebenzisa isimiso sokubambelela ngomshini kunezinamathiseli. Lezi zingcezu zensimbi engagqwali zinemiqhele enamazinyo eluma i-granite uma icindezelwa, okudala uxhumano oluphephile olunokumelana kokudonsa okusukela ku-1.1kN kuya ku-5.5kN kuye ngobukhulu. “Izingcezu zethu ze-M6 ezinemiqhele emine zithola amandla okudonsa angu-4.1kN ku-granite obukhulu obungu-12mm,” kuchaza uWilson. “Lokho kwanele ukuvikela imishini yokuhlola esindayo ngaphandle kwengozi yokuxega ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.” Inqubo yokufaka ihilela ukubhoboza imigodi eqondile yedayimane (ngokuvamile ububanzi obungu-12mm) kulandelwe ukucindezela okulawulwayo ngesando senjoloba—amasu athuthukiswe ukuvimbela ukuqhekeka kokucindezeleka etsheni.
Ngezinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga ukulungiswa kabusha njalo, abakhiqizi banikeza amapuleti obuso be-granite anezimbobo ze-T—iziteshi ezisebenza ngokunemba ezivumela ukufakwa kwezinto ezishelelayo. Lezi zimbobo eziqiniswe ngensimbi zigcina ipuleti lithambile ngenkathi zinikeza ukuguquguquka kokusethwa okuyinkimbinkimbi. “Ipuleti lobuso be-granite elingu-24 x 36 intshi elinezimbobo ze-T liba yipulatifomu yokulinganisa ye-modular,” kusho uWilson. “Amaklayenti ethu ezindiza asebenzisa lezi ukuhlola ama-turbine blades, lapho kudingeka abeke khona ama-probe ngama-engeli amaningi ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukunemba kokubhekisela.”
Kusukela kuLabhorethri kuya kuMgqa Wokukhiqiza: Izicelo Zangempela Zezingxenye zeGranite
Ukulinganisa kwangempela kwenani le-granite kusekuthinteni kwayo okuguqulayo ezinqubweni zokukhiqiza. Ekukhiqizeni izingxenye zamabhayisikili, lapho izinto ezilula njenge-carbon fiber zidinga ukuhlolwa kokukhathala okunzima, amapuleti e-granite anikeza isisekelo esiqinile sokuhlaziywa kokucindezeleka okubucayi. “Sihlola ozimele be-carbon fiber ngokusebenzisa imithwalo ejikelezayo efinyelela ku-1200N emijikelezweni eyi-100,000,” kuchaza uSarah Lopez, unjiniyela wokuhlola eTrek Bicycle Corporation. “Uhlaka lufakwe epuletini lobuso le-granite lebanga 0 elifakwe ama-strain gauges. Ngaphandle kokunciphisa ukudlidliza kwepuleti, besizobona ukufundwa kokukhathala okungamanga okuvela ekuqineni komshini.” Idatha yokuhlola kaTrek ikhombisa ukuthi ukusethwa okusekelwe ku-granite kunciphisa ukuguquguquka kokulinganisa ngo-18% uma kuqhathaniswa namatafula ensimbi, okuthuthukisa ngqo ukuthembeka komkhiqizo.
Abakhiqizi bezimoto ngokufanayo bathembele ku-granite ukuze bahlanganise kahle. Isitshalo se-BMW saseSpartanburg sisebenzisa amapuleti angaphezu kuka-40 e-granite surface plates emgqeni waso wokukhiqiza injini, lapho aqinisekisa khona ukuthi amakhanda esilinda ayisicaba angaphansi kuka-2μm. “Ubuso bokuhlangana kwekhanda lesilinda kumele buvale kahle,” kuphawula uKarl-Heinz Müller, umqondisi wobunjiniyela bokukhiqiza be-BMW. “Ubuso obugobile bubangela ukuvuza kwamafutha noma ukulahlekelwa ukucindezelwa. Amapuleti ethu e-granite asinika ukuzethemba kokuthi lokho esikulinganisayo yilokho esikuthola enjinini.” Izilinganiso zekhwalithi zesitshalo zibonisa ukwehla okungu-23% kwezimangalo zewaranti ezihlobene nokwehluleka kwe-head gasket ngemuva kokusebenzisa izinhlelo zokuhlola ezisekelwe ku-granite.
Ngisho nasebuchwephesheni obusha njengokukhiqiza okungeziwe, i-granite idlala indima ebalulekile. I-Protolabs isebenzisa amapuleti e-granite ebanga le-00 ukulinganisa amaphrinta ayo ezimboni, iqinisekisa ukuthi izingxenye zihlangabezana nezilinganiso zobukhulu kuwo wonke amavolumu okwakha afinyelela ku-cubic meter eyodwa. “Ekunyatheliseni kwe-3D, ukunemba kobukhulu kungakhukhuleka ngenxa yemiphumela yokushisa,” kusho unjiniyela wezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Protolabs uRyan Kelly. “Siphrinta njalo into yokulinganisa bese siyihlola epuletini lethu le-granite. Lokhu kusenza sikwazi ukulungisa noma yikuphi ukukhukhuleka komshini ngaphambi kokuthi kuthinte izingxenye zamakhasimende.” Le nkampani ibika ukuthi le nqubo igcina ukunemba kwengxenye ngaphakathi kuka-±0.05mm kuzo zonke izingxenye ezinyathelisiwe.
Okuhlangenwe Nakho Komsebenzisi: Kungani Onjiniyela Bekhetha I-Granite Emisebenzini Yansuku Zonke
Ngaphandle kwemininingwane yobuchwepheshe, amapuleti omhlaba we-granite azuze idumela lawo ngokusebenzisa amashumi eminyaka okusetshenziswa komhlaba wangempela. Ukubuyekezwa kwamakhasimende e-Amazon Industrial kwezinkanyezi ezingu-4.8 kugqamisa izinzuzo ezisebenzayo ezithinta onjiniyela kanye nochwepheshe. “Umphezulu ongenazo izikhala ushintsha umdlalo ezindaweni zezitolo,” kubhala omunye umthengi oqinisekisiwe. “Uwoyela, isibandisi, kanye noketshezi lokuhlanza kuyasula ngaphandle kokufaka idayi—into amapuleti ensimbi ayengenakuyenza.” Omunye umhlaziyi uphawula izinzuzo zokulungisa: “Ngibe naleli puleti iminyaka eyisikhombisa, futhi lisaqhubeka nokulinganisa. Akukho ukugqwala, akukho ukupenda, kuhlanzwa ngezikhathi ezithile ngesihlanzi esingathathi hlangothi.”
Okuhlangenwe nakho okuthintekayo kokusebenza nge-granite nakho kuwina abaguquli. Ubuso bayo obubushelelezi, obupholile buhlinzeka ngeplatifomu ezinzile yokulinganisa okubucayi, kuyilapho ubukhulu bayo bemvelo (ngokuvamile 2700-2850 kg/m³) buyinika amandla aqinisekisayo anciphisa ukunyakaza ngengozi. “Kunesizathu sokuthi ama-lab e-metrology asebenzise i-granite izizukulwane ngezizukulwane,” kusho uThomas Wright, umphathi wokulawula ikhwalithi osethathe umhlalaphansi onolwazi lweminyaka engu-40. “Akudingi ukunakekelwa njalo njengensimbi ephonswe ngensimbi. Ungabeka phansi i-precision gauge ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ngokuklwebha ubuso, futhi izinguquko zokushisa esitolo aziphazamisi izilinganiso zakho.”
Kulabo abakhathazekile ngesisindo—ikakhulukazi ngamapuleti amakhulu—abakhiqizi banikeza izitendi eziklanywe ngokunemba ezenza kube lula ukuphatha ngenkathi zigcina ukuzinza. Lezi zitendi zivame ukuba nezinhlelo zokusekela ezinamaphoyinti amahlanu ezinezikulufo zokulinganisa ezilungisekayo, ezivumela ukuhambisana okunembile ngisho nasezitezi zesitolo ezingalingani. “Ipuleti lethu elingu-48 x 72 intshi linesisindo esingamakhilogremu angu-1200,” kusho uWilson wase-Unparalleled Group. “Kodwa ngesitendi esifanele, abantu ababili bangalilinganisa kahle ngaphansi kwemizuzu engama-30.” Izitendi nazo ziphakamisa ipuleti libe ukuphakama okukhululekile kokusebenza (ngokuvamile amasentimitha angu-32-36), kunciphisa ukukhathala komqhubi ngesikhathi seseshini yokulinganisa ende.
Inzuzo Yokuzinza: Ubuhle Bemvelo BeGranite Ekukhiqizeni
Esikhathini esigxile kakhulu ekusimeni, izingxenye ze-granite zinikeza izinzuzo zemvelo ezingalindelekile uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye zensimbi. Inqubo yemvelo yokwakheka kwe-granite iqeda ukukhiqizwa okudinga amandla amaningi okudingekayo kumapuleti ensimbi noma ensimbi. “Ukukhiqiza ipuleti lobuso lensimbi elihlanganisiwe kudinga ukuncibilikisa i-ore yensimbi ku-1500°C, okukhiqiza ukukhishwa okukhulu kwe-CO2,” kuchaza unjiniyela wezemvelo uDkt. Lisa Wong we-Green Manufacturing Institute. “Amapuleti e-granite, ngokuphambene nalokho, adinga ukusika, ukugaya, nokupholisha kuphela—izinqubo ezisebenzisa amandla angaphansi ngo-70%.
Ukuphila isikhathi eside kweGranite kuthuthukisa kakhulu iphrofayili yayo yemvelo. Ipuleti lobuso legranite elinakekelwe kahle lingahlala lisebenza iminyaka engama-30-50, uma kuqhathaniswa neminyaka eyi-10-15 yamapuleti ensimbi ahlushwa ukugqwala nokuguguleka. “Ukuhlaziywa kwethu kukhombisa ukuthi amapuleti egranite anengxenye yesithathu yomthelela wemvelo wezinye izindlela zensimbi,” kusho uDkt. Wong. “Uma ucabangela izindleko zokushintsha ezigwenyiwe kanye nokunciphisa ukulungiswa, icala lokusimama liba yinto ekhangayo.”
Ezinkampanini eziphishekela isitifiketi se-ISO 14001, izingxenye ze-granite zinegalelo ezinhlosweni eziningana zemvelo, okuhlanganisa ukuncipha kwemfucuza evela ezintweni zokulungisa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi kokulawula isimo sezulu. “Ukuzinza kokushisa kwe-Granite kusho ukuthi singagcina ilebhu yethu ye-metrology ku-22±2°C esikhundleni se-20±0.5°C edingekayo kumapuleti ensimbi,” kuphawula uMichael Chen we-Microchip. “Lokho kubekezelelana okubanzi kwe-1.5°C kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwethu kwamandla e-HVAC ngo-18% minyaka yonke.”
Ukwenza Icala: Nini Ukutshala Imali KuGrade 00 vs. Granite Yebanga Lezentengiselwano
Njengoba amanani esukela ku-$500 kumapuleti amancane ebanga B kuya ngaphezu kuka-$10,000 kumapuleti amakhulu ebanga 00, ukukhetha ipuleti elifanele le-granite surface kudinga ukulinganisela izidingo zokunemba ngokumelene nemikhawulo yesabelomali. Isihluthulelo ukuqonda ukuthi izidingo zokunemba zihumusha kanjani ekusebenzeni kwangempela. “Ibanga 00 libalulekile kuma-lab okulinganisa lapho uqinisekisa khona amabhlogo e-gage noma ubeka amazinga aphezulu,” kweluleka uWilson. “Kodwa isitolo somshini esihlola izingxenye ezifakwe umshini singadinga ibanga A kuphela, elinikeza ukuthamba ngaphakathi kuka-6μm/m—okwanele ukuhlolwa okuningi kobukhulu.”
I-matrix yesinqumo ivame ukwehla ngezici ezintathu: izidingo zokungaqiniseki zokulinganisa, ukuzinza kwemvelo, kanye nokuphila kwesevisi okulindelekile. Ezinhlelweni ezibalulekile njengokuhlolwa kwe-semiconductor wafer, lapho kudingeka khona ukunemba kwezinga le-nanometer, ukutshalwa kwezimali ebangeni 00 akunakugwenywa. “Sisebenzisa amapuleti ebanga 00 ezinhlelweni zethu zokuqondanisa i-lithography,” kuqinisekisa uChen. “Ukuthamba kwe-±0.5μm kunegalelo ngqo ekhonweni lethu lokuphrinta amasekethe e-7nm.”
Ekukhiqizeni okuvamile, amapuleti ebanga A anikeza isiphakamiso senani elihle kakhulu. Lawa agcina ukuthamba ngaphakathi kuka-6μm/m ububanzi obuyimitha eli-1—okwanele kakhulu ukuhlola izingxenye zezimoto noma izinto zikagesi zabathengi. “Amapuleti ethu ebanga A angu-24 x 36 intshi aqala ku-$1,200,” kusho uWilson. “Esitolo somsebenzi esenza ukuhlolwa kwesihloko sokuqala, lokho kuyingxenye encane yezindleko zomshini wokulinganisa ohlanganisiwe, kodwa kuyisisekelo sazo zonke izilinganiso zawo ezenziwe ngesandla.”
Izindaba Zokunakekela: Ukulondoloza Ukunemba Kwe-Granite Iminyaka Engamashumi
Nakuba i-granite ihlala isikhathi eside ngokwemvelo, ukulungiswa okufanele kubalulekile ukuze kulondolozwe ukunemba kwayo. Izitha eziyinhloko ukungcola okukhuhlayo, ukuchitheka kwamakhemikhali, kanye nokuphathwa okungafanele. “Iphutha elikhulu engilibonayo ukusebenzisa izihlanzi ezikhuhlayo noma uboya bensimbi,” kuxwayisa uWilson. “Lokho kungaklwebha indawo ecwebezelayo futhi kudale amabala aphezulu angcolisa izilinganiso.” Esikhundleni salokho, abakhiqizi batusa izihlanzi ezingathathi hlangothi ze-pH ezenzelwe ngqo i-granite, njengesihlanzi se-surface plate se-SPI esingu-15-551-5, esisusa ngokuphephile amafutha nama-coolant ngaphandle kokulimaza itshe.
Ukunakekelwa kwansuku zonke kuhilela ukusula ubuso ngendwangu engenama-lint kanye nensipho ethambile, kulandelwe ukomiswa kahle ukuze kuvinjelwe amabala amanzi. Ukuze kungcoliswe kakhulu njengoketshezi lwe-hydraulic, i-baking soda kanye namanzi kungakhipha amafutha ngaphandle kwamakhemikhali aqinile. “Siqeqesha abaqhubi ukuthi baphathe ipuleti le-granite njengethuluzi elinembile,” kusho uLopez kwaTrek Bicycle. “Akukho ukubeka amathuluzi phansi ngqo, sebenzisa umata ohlanzekile njalo, futhi umboze ipuleti uma ungasetshenziswa.”
Ukulinganiswa ngezikhathi ezithile—ngokuvamile minyaka yonke ezindaweni zokukhiqiza kanye nonyaka wesibili kumalebhu—kuqinisekisa ukuthi ipuleti ligcina imininingwane yalo yokuba yisicaba. Lokhu kuhilela ukusebenzisa ama-interferometer e-laser noma ama-flat e-optical ukuze kuhlolwe ukuphambuka kobuso. “Ukulinganiswa kobungcweti kubiza u-$200-300 kodwa kubamba izinkinga ngaphambi kokuba zithinte ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo,” kweluleka uWilson. Abakhiqizi abaningi banikeza izinsizakalo zokulinganisa ezilandelwa yizindinganiso ze-NIST, banikeza imibhalo edingekayo ukuze kulandelwe i-ISO 9001.
Ikusasa Lokunemba: Ukusungula Izinto Ezintsha Kubuchwepheshe Be-Granite
Njengoba ukubekezelelana kokukhiqiza kuqhubeka nokuncipha, ubuchwepheshe be-granite buyashintsha ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezinselele ezintsha. Izinto ezintsha zakamuva zifaka phakathi izakhiwo ze-granite ezihlanganisiwe—amatshe aqiniswe nge-carbon fiber ukuze kube nokuqina okuthuthukisiwe—kanye nama-sensor arrays ahlanganisiwe aqapha izinga lokushisa lobuso kanye nokuba yisicaba ngesikhathi sangempela. “Sithuthukisa amapuleti e-granite ahlakaniphile ane-thermocouples ehlanganisiwe,” kwembula uWilson. “Lokhu kuzoxwayisa opharetha nge-gradient yokushisa engathinta izilinganiso, kunikeze olunye ungqimba lokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi.”
Intuthuko ekusetshenzisweni kwemishini nayo ikhulisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-granite ngale kwamapuleti avamile omhlaba. Izikhungo zomshini ze-CNC ezi-5-axis manje zikhiqiza izingxenye ze-granite eziyinkimbinkimbi njengezibhentshi ze-optical kanye nezisekelo zamathuluzi omshini ezinezimo ezibekelwe izingxenye zensimbi ngaphambilini. “Izisekelo zethu zomshini we-granite zine-vibration damping engcono ngo-30% kune-cast iron equivalent,” kusho uWilson. “Lokhu kuvumela izikhungo zomshini ukuthi zifeze ukuqedwa kobuso obuhle ezingxenyeni ezinembile.”
Mhlawumbe okujabulisa kakhulu yithuba le-granite ephinde yasetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni okusimeme. Izinkampani zakha izinqubo zokubuyisa amatshe angcolile avela ezindaweni zokumba kanye nezitolo zokukhiqiza, ziwaguqula abe amapuleti anembile ngokusebenzisa i-resin bonding ethuthukisiwe. “Lezi zinhlanganisela ze-granite ephinde yasetshenziswa zigcina u-85% wokusebenza kwe-granite yemvelo ngezindleko eziphansi ngo-40%,” kuphawula uDkt. Wong. “Sibona intshisekelo evela kubakhiqizi bezimoto abafuna ukunciphisa ukuthinteka kwabo kwemvelo.”
Isiphetho: Kungani I-Granite Ihlala Iyisisekelo Sokukhiqiza Okunembile
Ezweni elibuswa kakhulu ubuchwepheshe bedijithali, ukubaluleka okuqhubekayo kwamapuleti obuso be-granite kukhuluma ngendima yawo eyisisekelo ekuqinisekiseni ubuqotho bokulinganisa. Kusukela kumapuleti ebanga 00 alinganisa izinsimbi ezakha ama-smartphone ethu kuya kumapuleti ebanga B ahlola izingxenye zamabhayisikili ezitolo zendawo, i-granite inikeza inkomba engaguquki lapho kubhekwa khona konke ukunemba. Inhlanganisela yayo eyingqayizivele yokuzinza kwemvelo, izakhiwo zemishini, kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside kwenza ingenakufakwa esikhundleni ekukhiqizeni kwanamuhla.
Njengoba izimboni ziqhubekela phambili ekubekezeleleni okuqinile kanye nezimboni ezihlakaniphile, izingxenye ze-granite zizoqhubeka nokukhula—zihlanganiswe nokuzivumelanisa nezimo, izinzwa, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwedatha ngenkathi zigcina ukuzinza kwe-geological okuzenza zibe yigugu kangaka. “Ikusasa lokukhiqiza lakhelwe esikhathini esidlule,” kusho uWilson. “I-Granite ibilokhu ithembekile iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu, futhi ngezinto ezintsha ezintsha, izohlala iyindinganiso yegolide yokulinganisa ngokunemba amashumi eminyaka ezayo.”
Kwabonjiniyela, abaphathi bekhwalithi, kanye nochwepheshe bokukhiqiza abafuna ukuphakamisa amakhono abo okulinganisa, umyalezo ucacile: ukutshala imali epuletini lobuso le-granite elisezingeni eliphezulu akukhona nje ukuthenga ithuluzi—kumayelana nokusungula isisekelo sokwenza kahle okuzoletha imbuyiselo yezizukulwane ngezizukulwane. Njengoba omunye umhlaziyi we-Amazon ekubeka kafushane: “Awuthengi nje ipuleti lobuso le-granite. Utshala imali emashumini eminyaka okulinganisa okunembile, ukuhlolwa okuthembekile, kanye nokuzethemba kokukhiqiza.” Embonini lapho ukunemba kuveza impumelelo, lokho kuwukutshalwa kwezimali okuhlala kukhokha izinzuzo.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Novemba-27-2025