Njengoba izimboni ze-semiconductor kanye ne-optical zomhlaba wonke ziqhubekela phambili ngobukhulu bezici ezincane kakhulu kanye nezidingo zokunemba okuphezulu, amathuluzi ayisisekelo avumela ukulinganisa nokuqondanisa abe yinto ebaluleke kakhulu. Ekukhiqizweni kwe-semiconductor, lapho ubukhulu be-transistor manje bufinyelela kuma-nanometer ezinombolo eyodwa, kanye nasezinhlelweni ze-optical lapho ukubekezelelana kokuqondanisa kusondela khona ezingxenyaneni zobude be-wavelength, ukuzinza nokunemba kwamathuluzi okulinganisa kunquma ngqo isivuno somkhiqizo kanye nokusebenza. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuthi kungani amathuluzi okulinganisa i-granite—kufaka phakathi amapuleti obuso be-granite, izisekelo ze-granite ezinembile, kanye nezingxenye ze-metrology—abe yindinganiso yemboni yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezinembile kakhulu, enza kahle kakhulu kunezinye izindlela zensimbi zendabuko.
Isidingo sokunemba kwe-sub-micron sidale ushintsho olufana nolwe-metrology. Amathuluzi okulinganisa ensimbi ensimbi nensimbi yendabuko, yize anele ekukhiqizeni okuvamile, alwela ukugcina ukuzinza ngaphansi kwezimo eziqinile ezidingekayo ekuhlolweni kwe-semiconductor wafer, ukulungiswa kwe-lithography, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwe-optical. I-Granite, enenhlanganisela yayo eyingqayizivele yezakhiwo zomzimba ezakhiwe eminyakeni eyizigidi ngaphansi koqweqwe loMhlaba, inikeza ikhambi elibhekana nezidingo zokunemba eziyinselele kakhulu embonini yanamuhla.
Izakhiwo Eziyinhloko Zomzimba: Kungani I-Granite Iphumelela Kakhulu Ezicelweni Zokucacisa
Ukuzinza Kokushisa: Isisekelo Sokulinganisa Okungaguquguquki
Enye yezinzuzo ezibaluleke kakhulu zamathuluzi okulinganisa i-granite ukuzinza kwawo kokushisa okumangalisayo. Njengoba i-coefficient of expansion of thermal engu-6.5±0.5×10⁻⁶/℃ ikhula ngokushisa okungu-6.5±0.5×10⁻⁶/℃, i-granite ikhombisa cishe ingxenye yesithathu yokwanda kokushisa kwensimbi ephonswe kanye nengxenye yeshumi yokwanda kwe-aluminium. Lokhu kukhula kokushisa okuphansi kusho ukuthi izinhlelo zokulinganisa ezisekelwe ku-granite zigcina ukunemba kwazo kobukhulu ngisho nalapho zivezwa ekushintsheni kwezinga lokushisa okuvamile ezindaweni zokukhiqiza.
Ezisetshenzisweni ze-semiconductor metrology, lapho ushintsho lokushisa lwe-1℃ kuphela lungabangela ukuthi i-300mm silicon wafer ikhule cishe ngo-7.5μm, ukuzinza kokushisa kwe-granite kuba yinto ebalulekile. Ipuleti lobuso le-granite elibhekene noshintsho lokushisa olufanayo lingakhula ngo-1.95μm kuphela ububanzi obufanayo, okuhlinzeka ngendiza yokubhekisela ezinzile kakhulu yokulinganisa okubucayi. Le mpahla ibaluleke kakhulu emisebenzini yokukhiqiza amahora angama-24/7 lapho imishini ikhiqiza ukushisa okuqhubekayo okungathinta ukunemba kokulinganisa.
Ukuqina Okumangalisayo Nokumelana Nokugqoka
Isilinganiso sobulukhuni be-Mohs se-Granite sika-6-7 silubeka phakathi kwezinto eziqine kakhulu zezimboni ezisetshenziselwa ukulinganisa ngokunemba. Lobu bulukhuni obuphezulu buhumusha ngqo ekumelaneni nokuguguleka okungavamile, okuqinisekisa ukuthi amathuluzi okulinganisa i-granite agcina ukunemba kwawo isikhathi eside sokusetshenziswa. Ngokungafani nezindawo zensimbi ezingaba nemihuzuko, ukugoba, kanye namaphethini okuguguleka ngokuxhumana okuphindaphindiwe, isakhiwo se-crystalline se-granite simelana nokuwohloka komphezulu.
Lokhu kumelana nokuguguleka kulinganiswa ngemininingwane yemboni ekhombisa ukuthi izindawo ze-granite ezinembile zibhekana nokuguguleka okungaphansi kuka-0.3μm eminyakeni eyishumi yokusetshenziswa okuvamile, uma kuqhathaniswa cishe no-0.8μm ngonyaka wensimbi ephonswe ngensimbi. Kubakhiqizi be-semiconductor kanye ne-optical, lokhu kusho ukunciphisa imvamisa yokulinganisa kabusha, izindleko zokulungisa eziphansi, kanye nokunemba kokulinganisa okuqhubekayo kuyo yonke impilo yokusebenza kwethuluzi.
Amakhono Okudambisa Ukudlidliza Okuphakeme
Ukudlidliza kuyisitha sokulinganisa ngokunemba. Ezikhungweni zokukhiqiza ze-semiconductor, lapho ama-linear motors, izinhlelo zokuphatha amarobhothi, kanye nemishini ye-HVAC kukhiqiza ukudlidliza okuqhubekayo kwemishini, ikhono lokuhlukanisa nokumanzisa lokhu kuphazamiseka libalulekile. Isakhiwo sekristalu semvelo se-granite sinikeza izakhiwo zokuvimbela ukudlidliza ezisebenza kahle izikhathi ezingu-3-5 kunensimbi ephonswe.
Izici zobukhulu obuphezulu kanye nokuncibilikisa kwangaphakathi kwe-granite kudala isihlungi semvelo esisebenza ngomshini esiphansi, esimunca ukudlidliza okuvama kakhulu ngaphambi kokuba kufinyelele izinzwa zokulinganisa ezibucayi noma izingxenye zokukhanya. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kokudlidliza okungapheli kubaluleke kakhulu emishinini yokulinganisa ehlanganisiwe (ama-CMM), ama-interferometer e-laser, kanye nezinhlelo zokuhlola i-wafer, lapho ngisho nokudlidliza kwesikali se-nanometer kungonakala khona idatha yokulinganisa.
Izakhiwo Ezingezona EzikaMagnetic Nezingasebenzisi Amakhemikhali
Ukwakheka kwe-Granite okungeyona insimbi kususa ingozi yokuphazamiseka kwamagnetic, okuyinzuzo ebalulekile kokubili ekusetshenzisweni kokulinganisa kwe-semiconductor kanye ne-optical. Amasimu amagnetic angaphazamisa imishini yokulinganisa ye-elekthronikhi ebucayi futhi abangele amaphutha okuqondanisa ezinhlelweni zokukhanya. Ngamathuluzi okulinganisa i-granite, akukho bungozi bokuthi i-magnetization ithinte ukunemba kokulinganisa noma idonse izinhlayiya ze-ferromagnetic ezingalimaza ama-wafers athambile noma izingxenye zokukhanya.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-granite ayisebenzi ngamakhemikhali, imelana nama-acid, ama-alkali, kanye namakhemikhali okuhlanza asetshenziswa kakhulu ezindaweni zokuhlanza. Lokhu kumelana namakhemikhali kuqinisekisa ukuthi izindawo ze-granite zigcina ukuqeda kwazo okunembile kanye nobuqotho besakhiwo ngisho nalapho zivezwa kumakhemikhali aqinile asetshenziswa ekucubungulweni kwe-semiconductor kanye nokuhlanza izingxenye ze-optical.
Izicelo Zemboni Ye-Semiconductor: Ukuvumela i-Nano-Revolution
Ukuhlolwa Kwe-Wafer kanye Nezinhlelo Zokulinganisa
Ekukhiqizweni kwe-semiconductor, ukuhlolwa kwe-wafer kuyinqubo ebalulekile ethinta ngqo isivuno kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Amathuluzi okulinganisa i-granite asebenza njengesisekelo sesakhiwo sezinhlelo zokuhlola i-optical optical (AOI) ezenzakalelayo, imishini yokulinganisa ubukhulu be-wafer, kanye namathuluzi okukala ubukhulu obubalulekile.
Izindawo ezisicaba kakhulu zezisekelo ze-granite ezinembile zinikeza i-reference plane eqinile edingekayo ukuze kulinganiswe kahle i-geometry ye-wafer. Amapuleti obuso be-granite ebanga le-000, anokubekezelelana okusicaba okungu-≤1.5μm/m, aqinisekisa ukuthi ama-wafer angu-300mm ngisho no-450mm asekelwa ngokulinganayo ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa. Lokhu kusekelwa okufanayo kuvimbela ukugoba kwe-wafer noma ukuphambuka okungaholela emaphutheni okulinganisa kanye nokutholwa kwephutha elingamanga.
Izigaba Zomshini We-Lithography kanye Nezinhlelo Zokuqondanisa
I-semiconductor lithography imele ukusetshenziswa okudinga kakhulu kwezingxenye ze-granite ezinembile. Ezinhlelweni ze-ultraviolet extreme (EUV) kanye ne-deep ultraviolet (DUV) lithography, izigaba ze-wafer kanye ne-reticle kumele zifinyelele ukunemba kokubeka okungaphansi kwe-nanometer futhi zigcine ukuhambisana kuzo zonke izinkambu zokuchayeka.
Inhlanganisela ye-Granite yokuqina kokushisa, ukudambisa ukudlidliza, kanye nokuhlala unomphela kwenza kube yinto efanelekile yalezi zingxenye zesigaba esibalulekile. Ukwanda kokushisa okuphansi kuqinisekisa ukuthi i-geometry yesigaba ihlala ingaguquguquki njengoba ama-linear motors ekhiqiza ukushisa ngesikhathi sokubeka isivinini esikhulu, okuvimbela amaphutha okumboza angalimaza wonke ama-chip. Idatha yemboni ikhombisa ukuthi izigaba ze-lithography ezisekelwe ku-granite zifinyelela ukuphindaphindwa kokubeka okungaphansi kuka-5nm, okuvumela ukwenziwa kwamaphethini kwama-node e-2nm nama-transistor amancane.
Iziteshi Zokuhlola Nokuhlolwa Kukagesi
Ukuhlolwa kwe-wafer ye-semiconductor kudinga ukuhambisana okunembile phakathi kwamakhadi e-probe nama-wafer test pads. Amathuluzi okulinganisa i-granite ahlinzeka ngesisekelo esiqinile nesizinzile seziteshi ze-probe, okuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhambisana okubucayi phakathi kwama-probe nama-pads kugcinwa kuzo zonke izivivinyo. Izakhiwo ze-granite ezingezona ezikagesi zisusa noma yikuphi ukuphazamiseka kwe-magnetic ngezibonakaliso zokuhlola zikagesi, okuqinisekisa ukulinganiswa kwamanje kanye ne-voltage okunembile.
Imishini Yokulinganisa Ehlanganisiwe (ama-CMM)
Imishini yokulinganisa ehlanganisiwe ibalulekile ekuqinisekisweni kobukhulu bezingxenye zokupakisha ze-semiconductor, amadivayisi e-MEMS, kanye nezingxenye zemishini. I-Granite isebenza njengesakhiwo sesisekelo kanye nendawo yokubhekisela yale mishini, ihlinzeka ngokuqina kwejometri okudingekayo ukuze kube nokunemba kokulinganisa okunezinhlangothi ezintathu. Ukuhlanganiswa kwesisekelo se-granite, ibhuloho le-granite, kanye nezindlela zokuthwala umoya we-granite kudala uhlelo lokulinganisa olunokuqina okushisayo nokukagesi okumangalisayo, okufeza ukungaqiniseki kokulinganisa ebangeni le-sub-micron.
Izicelo Zemboni Yokukhanya: Ukusekela Ukuphathwa Kokukhanya Okunembile
Izisekelo Zethebula Elibonakalayo Namapulatifomu
Imboni ye-optical ithembele kumathuluzi okulinganisa i-granite ukuze inikeze amapulatifomu azinzile ezinhlelo ze-laser, ama-interferometer, kanye nezindawo zokusebenza ze-optical assembly. Ngenkathi amatafula e-optical esimanje evame ukusebenzisa iziqongo zensimbi ye-honeycomb, i-granite isalokhu iyinto ekhethwayo yezakhiwo eziyisisekelo kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga ukuzinza okuphezulu kokushisa nokwemishini.
Amapulatifomu e-granite optical anikeza ukuthamba okumangalisayo nokuqina, okuqinisekisa ukuthi izingxenye ze-optical zigcina ukuhambisana kwazo okunembile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ekulinganisweni kwe-interferometric, lapho umehluko wobude bendlela wama-nanometer ambalwa nje ungathinta kakhulu imiphumela yokulinganisa. Izakhiwo zokunciphisa ukudlidliza kwe-granite nazo zisiza ukuhlukanisa izinhlelo ze-optical ekudlidlizeni kwesakhiwo kanye nokuphazamiseka okudalwe yimishini.
Izisekelo ze-Laser Interferometer kanye nezakhiwo ze-Reference
Ama-interferometer e-laser amelela ukusetshenziswa kokulinganisa okubonakalayo okudinga kakhulu, okudinga ukuzinza okumangalisayo ukuze kulondolozwe ukuhambisana okunembile kwezibuko, izihlukanisi ze-beam, kanye nezingxenye ze-optical. Izisekelo ze-granite zinikeza isisekelo esiqinile nesizinzile sokushisa esidingekayo kulezi zinsimbi ezizwela kakhulu.
Kuzinhlelo ze-semiconductor wafer flatness metrology, njenge-XCALIBIR interferometer ethuthukiswe yi-National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), amatafula e-granite asebenza njengeplatifomu ezinzile esekela lonke uhlelo lwe-optical. Njengoba zisebenza ekulawuleni izinga lokushisa kwe-(20 ± 0.02)°C, lezi zinhlelo zifinyelela ukungaqiniseki kokulinganisa kwe-RMS engaba yi-1nm—amazinga okunemba okungenakwenzeka ukuwafeza ngezakhiwo ezisekelwe ensimbi.
Ukuhlanganiswa Nokulungiswa Kwe-Optical Okunembile
Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokukhanya, okuhlanganisa amalensi ekhamera, ama-telescope optics, kanye nezinhlelo zokulethwa kwemisebe ye-laser, kudinga ukuhlelwa okunembile kwezinto eziningi zokukhanya. Amathuluzi okulinganisa i-granite—okuhlanganisa amapuleti obuso, ama-straightedges, namapuleti e-angle—anikeza izinkomba zejometri ezidingekayo ukuqinisekisa ukuhlelwa okufanele ngesikhathi sokuhlanganiswa.
Ochwepheshe be-optical basebenzisa amapuleti obuso be-granite njengezindawo zokubhekisela zokuqondisa izakhi zelensi, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ingxenye ngayinye ibekwe kahle maqondana ne-optical axis. Ukuqina okuhle kakhulu kobukhulu be-granite kuqinisekisa ukuthi la mathuluzi okubhekisela agcina ukunemba kwawo amashumi eminyaka, enikeza izilinganiso zokuqondanisa ezihambisanayo kuyo yonke impilo yokukhiqiza yesistimu ye-optical.
Izinzuzo Zokuqhathanisa: I-Granite vs. Izinto Zensimbi Zendabuko
Impilo Yesevisi Eyengeziwe
Amathuluzi okulinganisa i-granite anikeza impilo yesevisi ende kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela zensimbi. Njengoba kulindeleke ukuthi amathuluzi e-granite asebenzele izizukulwane eziningi zemishini yokukhiqiza, enikeza imbuyiselo evelele ekutshalweni kwezimali. Ngokuphambene nalokho, amapuleti obuso bensimbi ecijile ngokuvamile adinga ukuvuselelwa njalo eminyakeni emi-5-10 futhi anempilo ewusizo yeminyaka eyi-10-15 ngaphambi kokuba kudingeke ukuthi kushintshwe.
Lokhu kuphila kwesikhathi eside kwenkonzo kuholela ekongeni okukhulu kwezindleko esikhathini eside. Ucwaningo lwango-2023 olwenziwe yi-American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) luthole ukuthi izingxenye zesakhiwo se-granite zinikeza izindleko zobunikazi eziphansi ngo-27% uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela zensimbi noma zensimbi ephonswe esikhathini seminyaka eyi-10. Kuma-semiconductor fabs kanye nezindawo zokukhiqiza ze-optical, lokhu kusho ukunciphisa izindleko zezimali kanye nokuphazamiseka okuncane kokukhiqiza okuvela ekushintsheni kwamathuluzi.
Izidingo Zokulungisa Eziphansi
Amathuluzi okulinganisa i-granite adinga ukulungiswa okuncane kakhulu kunezinye izindlela zensimbi. Ngokungafani nezindawo zensimbi ezibunjiwe ezidinga uwoyela njalo ukuvimbela ukugqwala nokuklwebheka njalo ukuze kubuyiselwe isicaba, izindawo ze-granite azinakulungiswa ngaphansi kwezimo zokusebenza ezijwayelekile.
Indlela i-granite engenazo izimbobo futhi engenawo amakhemikhali isho ukuthi ayigqwali, ayidingi izembozo zokuvikela, futhi imelana nokungcola okuvela emfucumfucwini namakhemikhali asemsebenzini. Amazinga okubola kokunemba konyaka angaba ngu-1% asho ukuthi amathuluzi e-granite agcina ukulinganiswa kwawo isikhathi eside kakhulu kunamathuluzi ensimbi, angabhekana nokuwohloka kokunemba konyaka okungu-5-10% ngenxa yokuguguleka kanye nezici zemvelo.
Ukuzinza Kwesikhathi Eside Kobukhulu
Mhlawumbe inzuzo ebaluleke kakhulu yamathuluzi okulinganisa i-granite ukuzinza kwawo okungavamile kwesikhathi eside. Njengoba idlule izigidi zeminyaka yokukhululeka kokucindezeleka ngokwemvelo ngaphansi kobuso boMhlaba, i-granite ayizwani nokukhululeka kokucindezeleka kwangaphakathi okubangela ukuthi izakhiwo zensimbi zigobe futhi ziguquguquke ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Lokhu kuzinza kusho ukuthi uma ithuluzi lokulinganisa i-granite seligayiwe ngokunemba kuze kufike ebukhulu balo bokugcina, lizogcina lezo zilinganiso amashumi eminyaka. Idatha yemboni ikhombisa ukuthi amapuleti obuso be-granite agcina u-95% wokunemba kwawo kokuqala ngemva kweminyaka eyi-10 yokusetshenziswa njalo, uma kuqhathaniswa no-70-80% wamapuleti ensimbi asezingeni eliphezulu. Kubakhiqizi be-semiconductor kanye ne-optical, lokhu kuhunyushwa ekunembileni kokulinganisa okuqhubekayo unyaka nonyaka, kunciphisa ingozi yamaphutha okukhiqiza abangelwa ukulinganiswa kwamathuluzi okukhukhuleka.
Ukusebenza Kwangempela: Izifundo Zezimo Nedatha
Impumelelo Yokuhlolwa Kwe-Wafer Ye-semiconductor
Umkhiqizi ohamba phambili we-semiconductor waseYurophu usebenzise amapulatifomu okuhlola i-wafer asekelwe ku-granite futhi wabika ukuthuthuka okukhulu ekuthembekeni kokulinganisa. Ukushintsha kusuka ezindaweni zokubhekisela zensimbi ephonswe ngensimbi kuya ku-granite kuholele ku:
- Ukwehla okungu-40% kokuhlukahluka kokulinganisa phakathi kokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa
- Ukwehla okungu-60% ekuvameni kokulinganisa kabusha (kusukela ezinyangeni eziyi-6 kuya eminyakeni emi-2)
- Ukuthuthuka okungu-2.3% ekuvuneni kokukhiqiza okuphelele ngenxa yokuhlolwa okuqhubekayo
Ukuzinza kokushisa kwamapulatifomu e-granite kwakubaluleke kakhulu endaweni yokukhiqiza yenkampani amahora angama-24 ngosuku, izinsuku eziyi-7 ngesonto, lapho ukushisa okukhiqizwe imishini kwakubangela ukuguquguquka kwezinga lokushisa okwakuthinta ukunemba kokulinganisa ngaphambilini.
Ukusebenza Kwelebhu Ye-Optical Metrology
I-National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) ibhale phansi ukusebenza kwezinhlelo ze-interferometer ezisekelwe ku-granite elabhorethri yayo ye-wafer flatness metrology. I-XCALIBIR interferometer, efakwe etafuleni le-granite elinembile, ifinyelela:
- Ukungaqiniseki kokulinganiswa kokuthamba kwe-~1nm RMS kwama-wafer angu-300mm
- Ukuqina kwe-angle okungu-0.01μrad kokulungiswa kwezingxenye ezibalulekile ze-optical
- Ukusebenza okuqhubekayo eminyakeni eyi-10+ yokusebenza okuqhubekayo ngaphandle kokuwohloka kwesakhiwo
Leli zinga lokusebenza, elinikwe amandla yizakhiwo ezivelele ze-granite, lisekela ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza be-semiconductor besizukulwane esilandelayo.
Ukuqinisekiswa Kokuqina Kwesikhathi Eside
Ukuhlolwa okuzimele yi-National Physical Laboratory yase-UK kuhlole ukusebenza kwesikhathi eside kwamathuluzi okulinganisa i-granite ngaphansi kwezimo zezimboni. Ngemva kweminyaka eyi-15 yokusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo endaweni yokukhiqiza enembile, amapuleti obuso be-granite avivinyiwe abonise:
- Ukuphambuka kokusicaba okungaphansi kuka-1.2μm kusuka ezicacisweni zokuqala (ngaphakathi kokubekezelelana kwebanga 000)
- Akukho ukuguguleka kwendawo okulinganiselwe naphezu kwezinkulungwane zemijikelezo yokulinganisa
- Ukusebenza kokukhula kokushisa okuhambisanayo okuhambisana nemininingwane yezinto zokuqala
Le miphumela iqinisekisa ukuqina okumangalisayo kanye nokuzinza kwesikhathi eside kwamathuluzi okulinganisa i-granite ekusetshenzisweni kwezimboni okudinga kakhulu.
Izitayela Zesikhathi Esizayo kanye Nesiphetho
Njengoba imboni ye-semiconductor iqhubeka nokuqhubekela phambili kwayo kuma-node e-transistor angaphansi kwe-2nm kanye nemboni ye-optical icindezela imingcele yokunemba ezinhlelweni ze-laser, i-imaging, kanye ne-quantum optics, isidingo samathuluzi okulinganisa azinzile nanembile sizokhula kuphela. Amathuluzi okulinganisa i-granite, ngenhlanganisela yawo eqinisekisiwe yokuzinza kokushisa, ukumelana nokuguguleka, ukudambisa ukudlidliza, kanye nokuzinza kobukhulu besikhathi eside, abekwe kahle ukuhlangabezana nalezi zidingo ezishintshayo.
Izitayela ezisafufusa ezinhlelweni zezinto ezihlanganisiwe, ezihlanganisa i-granite nezinto ezihlanganisiwe ezithuthukisiwe noma izinto zobumba, zithembisa ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwamathuluzi okulinganisa ngokunemba ngenkathi zibhekana nezidingo ezithile zohlelo lokusebenza njengokunciphisa isisindo noma ukuhanjiswa kokushisa okuthuthukisiwe. Kodwa-ke, izinzuzo eziyisisekelo ze-granite yemvelo—ezakhiwe ngaphezu kwezikali zesikhathi se-geological futhi zahlungwa ngokukhiqizwa ngokunemba—zizohlala zingenakufakwa esikhundleni sezinhlelo zokusebenza zokunemba ezidinga kakhulu.
Kubakhiqizi be-semiconductor kanye ne-optical, ukutshalwa kwezimali kumathuluzi okulinganisa i-granite kuletha imbuyiselo ngokunemba okuthuthukisiwe kokulinganisa, izindleko zokulungisa ezincishisiwe, impilo yesevisi ende, futhi ekugcineni, isivuno somkhiqizo esiphezulu. Njengoba ukubekezelela ukulinganisa kuqhubeka nokuqina futhi izinqubo zokukhiqiza ziba ziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, isiphakamiso senani lamathuluzi okulinganisa i-granite siba yinto ekhangayo nakakhulu.
Ekuphetheni, izinzuzo zamathuluzi okulinganisa i-granite ezimbonini ze-semiconductor kanye ne-optical zicacile futhi zibhalwe kahle. Kusukela ekuzinzeni kwawo okushisa okumangalisayo kanye nokumelana nokuguguleka kuya emandleni awo aphezulu okunciphisa ukudlidliza kanye nempilo yesevisi yeminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30, amathuluzi e-granite anikeza isisekelo sokulinganisa ngokunemba okuvumela intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe besimanje. Njengoba izimboni ziqhubeka nokucindezela imingcele yalokho okungenzeka ekukhiqizweni kwe-nanomanufacturing kanye nokunemba kokukhanya, amathuluzi okulinganisa i-granite azohlala eyindinganiso yegolide yezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-metrology kanye nokuqondanisa.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Meyi-08-2026