Izinqubo eziyisishiyagalolunye zokubumba ngokunemba kwe-zirconia ceramics

Izinqubo eziyisishiyagalolunye zokubumba ngokunemba kwe-zirconia ceramics
Inqubo yokubumba idlala indima exhumanisayo kuyo yonke inqubo yokulungiselela izinto zobumba, futhi iyisihluthulelo sokuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kokusebenza kanye nokuphindaphindwa kokukhiqizwa kwezinto zobumba nezingxenye.
Ngokuthuthuka komphakathi, indlela yendabuko yokuxova ngesandla, indlela yokwenza amasondo, indlela yokuhlanganisa, njll. yeze-ceramic zendabuko azisakwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zomphakathi wanamuhla zokukhiqiza nokucwenga, ngakho-ke kwazalwa inqubo entsha yokubumba. Izinto ze-ceramic ezincane ze-ZrO2 zisetshenziswa kabanzi kulezi zinhlobo ezingu-9 ezilandelayo zezinqubo zokubumba (izinhlobo ezimbili zezindlela ezomile kanye nezinhlobo ezingu-7 zezindlela ezimanzi):

1. Ukubumba okomile

1.1 Ukucindezela okomile

Ukucindezela okomile kusebenzisa ingcindezi ukucindezela i-ceramic powder ibe yisimo esithile somzimba. Ingqikithi yayo ukuthi ngaphansi kwesenzo samandla angaphandle, izinhlayiya ze-powder ziyasondelana esikhumbeni, futhi zihlanganiswa ngokuqinile yi-internal friction ukuze zilondoloze isimo esithile. Iphutha eliyinhloko emizimbeni eluhlaza ecindezelwe okomile yi-spallation, okubangelwa ukungqubuzana kwangaphakathi phakathi kwe-powders kanye nokungqubuzana phakathi kwe-powders nodonga lwe-mold, okuholela ekulahlekelweni kwengcindezi ngaphakathi komzimba.

Izinzuzo zokucindezela okomile ukuthi usayizi womzimba oluhlaza unembile, ukusebenza kulula, futhi kulula ukwenza umsebenzi womshini; okuqukethwe komswakama kanye ne-binder ekucindezelweni okomile okomile okuluhlaza kuncane, kanti ukomisa nokushisa kuncane. Kusetshenziswa kakhulu ukwakha imikhiqizo enezimo ezilula, kanti isilinganiso sesici sincane. Izindleko zokukhiqiza ezikhulayo ezibangelwa ukuguguleka kwesikhunta ziwububi bokucindezela okomile.

1.2 Ukucindezela kwe-isostatic

Ukucindezela kwe-isostatic kuyindlela ekhethekile yokwakha eyakhiwe ngokusekelwe ekucindezelweni okomile kwendabuko. Isebenzisa ingcindezi yokudlulisa uketshezi ukufaka ingcindezi ngokulinganayo kufulawa ngaphakathi kwesikhunta esinwebekayo kuzo zonke izinkomba. Ngenxa yokuvumelana kwengcindezi yangaphakathi yoketshezi, ifulawa ithwala ingcindezi efanayo kuzo zonke izinkomba, ngakho-ke umehluko wobuningi bomzimba oluhlaza ungagwenywa.

Ukucindezela kwe-isostatic kuhlukaniswe ngokucindezela kwe-isostatic kwesikhwama esimanzi kanye nokucindezela kwe-isostatic kwesikhwama esomile. Ukucindezela kwe-isostatic kwesikhwama esimanzi kungakha imikhiqizo enezimo eziyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa kungasebenza ngezikhathi ezithile kuphela. Ukucindezela kwe-isostatic kwesikhwama esomile kungafeza ukusebenza okuzenzakalelayo okuqhubekayo, kodwa kungakha kuphela imikhiqizo enezimo ezilula njengezigcawu zesikwele, eziyindilinga, kanye ne-tubular. Ukucindezela kwe-isostatic kungathola umzimba oluhlaza ofanayo noqinile, onokuncipha okuncane kokudubula kanye nokuncipha okufanayo kuzo zonke izinhlangothi, kodwa imishini iyinkimbinkimbi futhi iyabiza, futhi ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza akuphezulu, futhi kufaneleka kuphela ekukhiqizweni kwezinto ezinezidingo ezikhethekile.

2. Ukwakheka okumanzi

2.1 Ukuhlanganisa
Inqubo yokubumba i-grouting ifana nokubumba nge-tape, umehluko ukuthi inqubo yokubumba ihlanganisa inqubo yokuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni kanye nenqubo yokujiya kwamakhemikhali. Ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni kususa amanzi ku-slurry ngesenzo se-capillary se-mold ye-gypsum enezimbobo. I-Ca2+ ekhiqizwa ukuncibilika kobuso be-CaSO4 ikhulisa amandla e-ionic e-slurry, okuholela ekuqhumeni kwe-slurry.
Ngaphansi kwesenzo sokuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni kanye nokujiya kwamakhemikhali, izinhlayiya zempuphu ye-ceramic zifakwa odongeni lwesikhunta se-gypsum. I-Grouting ifanelekela ukulungiswa kwezingxenye ezinkulu ze-ceramic ezinezimo eziyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa ikhwalithi yomzimba oluhlaza, okuhlanganisa ukuma, ubuningi, amandla, njll., ayinhle, amandla abasebenzi aphezulu, futhi ayifaneleki ukusebenza okuzenzakalelayo.

2.2 Ukushisa okushisayo
I-Hot die casting iwukuxuba i-ceramic powder ne-binder (parafini) ekushiseni okuphezulu (60~100℃) ukuze kutholakale i-slurry ye-hot die casting. I-slurry ifakwa esikhumbeni sensimbi ngaphansi kwesenzo somoya ocindezelwe, futhi ingcindezi iyagcinwa. Iphola, isuse ukuze kutholakale i-wax blank, i-wax blank iyasuswa ngaphansi kwesivikelo se-inert powder ukuze kutholakale umzimba oluhlaza, kanti umzimba oluhlaza uyashiswa ekushiseni okuphezulu ukuze ube yi-porcelain.

Umzimba oluhlaza owakhiwe nge-hot die casting unobukhulu obuqondile, isakhiwo sangaphakathi esifanayo, ukuguguleka okuncane kwesikhunta kanye nokusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza okuphezulu, futhi ufanelekela izinto zokusetshenziswa ezahlukahlukene. Izinga lokushisa le-wax slurry kanye nesikhunta kudinga ukulawulwa ngokuqinile, ngaphandle kwalokho kuzobangela ukujikijelwa noma ukuguqulwa, ngakho-ke akufaneleki ukukhiqiza izingxenye ezinkulu, futhi inqubo yokudubula enezinyathelo ezimbili iyinkimbinkimbi futhi ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kuphezulu.

2.3 Ukuphonswa kwetheyiphu
Ukuthungwa kwetheyiphu kuwukuxuba ngokuphelele i-ceramic powder nenani elikhulu lama-organic binders, ama-plasticizer, ama-dispersant, njll. ukuze uthole i-slurry egobhozayo, engeza i-slurry ku-hopper yomshini wokuthungwa, bese usebenzisa i-scraper ukulawula ukujiya. Igeleza iye ebhandeni lokuthutha nge-nozzle yokudla, bese i-film blank itholakala ngemva kokoma.

Le nqubo ifanele ukulungiswa kwezinto zefilimu. Ukuze kutholakale ukuguquguquka okungcono, kufakwa inani elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo, futhi kudingeka ukuthi kulawulwe ngokuqinile imingcele yenqubo, ngaphandle kwalokho kuzobangela kalula amaphutha njengokuqhekeka, imicu, amandla aphansi efilimu noma ukuqhekeka okunzima. Izinto eziphilayo ezisetshenziswayo zinobuthi futhi zizobangela ukungcola kwemvelo, futhi uhlelo olungenabo ubuthi noma olungenabo ubuthi obuncane kufanele lusetshenziswe ngangokunokwenzeka ukunciphisa ukungcola kwemvelo.

2.4 Ukubumba umjovo wejeli
Ubuchwepheshe bokubumba ngejeli ngomjovo buyinqubo entsha ye-colloidal prototyping esheshayo eyasungulwa okokuqala ngabacwaningi e-Oak Ridge National Laboratory ekuqaleni kwawo-1990. Okuyinhloko yayo ukusetshenziswa kwezixazululo ze-monomer eziphilayo ezi-polymer zibe amajeli e-polymer-solvent aqinile, axhunywe eceleni.

I-slurry ye-ceramic powder encibilikiswe kusisombululo sama-monomers e-organic iphonswa ku-mold, bese ingxube ye-monomer ipholifiya ukuze yakhe ingxenye ye-gelled. Njengoba i-polymer-solvent exhunywe eceleni iqukethe i-polymer engu-10%–20% (ingxenye enkulu) kuphela, kulula ukususa i-solvent engxenyeni ye-gel ngesinyathelo sokomisa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngenxa yokuxhumeka kwe-lateral kwama-polymer, ama-polymer awakwazi ukuhamba ne-solvent ngesikhathi senqubo yokomisa.

Le ndlela ingasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza izingxenye ze-ceramic zesigaba esisodwa nezihlanganisiwe, ezingakha izingxenye ze-ceramic ezibunjwe ngendlela eyinkimbinkimbi, ezinobukhulu obungalingani ne-net, futhi amandla ayo aluhlaza aphezulu njengo-20-30Mpa noma ngaphezulu, angacutshungulwa kabusha. Inkinga enkulu yale ndlela ukuthi izinga lokuncishiswa komzimba we-embryo liphezulu ngesikhathi senqubo yokuqina, okuholela kalula ekuguqukeni komzimba we-embryo; amanye ama-monomer e-organic anokuvinjelwa komoya-mpilo, okubangela ukuthi ubuso buqheke futhi buwe; ngenxa yenqubo ye-polymerization ye-monomer e-organic ebangelwa ukushisa, okubangela Ukushefa ukushisa kuholela ekubeni khona kokucindezeleka kwangaphakathi, okubangela ukuthi izikhala ziphuke njalo njalo.

2.5 Ukubumba komjovo wokuqina okuqondile
Ukubumba ngomjovo wokuqinisa ngqo kuwubuchwepheshe bokubumba obuthuthukiswe yi-ETH Zurich: amanzi anyibilikayo, i-ceramic powder kanye nezithasiselo eziphilayo zixutshwe ngokuphelele ukuze kwakhiwe i-slurry eqinile ngogesi, ene-viscosity ephansi, enokuqukethwe okuqinile okuphezulu, okungashintshwa ngokungeza i-Slurry pH noma amakhemikhali akhulisa ukugcwala kwe-electrolyte, bese i-slurry ifakwa ku-mold engenazimbobo.

Lawula inqubekela phambili yokusabela kwamakhemikhali phakathi nenqubo. Ukusabela ngaphambi kokubumba ngomjovo kwenziwa kancane, i-viscosity ye-slurry igcinwa iphansi, futhi ukusabela kuyasheshiswa ngemva kokubumba ngomjovo, i-slurry iyaqina, futhi i-slurry yoketshezi iguqulwa ibe umzimba oqinile. Umzimba oluhlaza otholiwe unezakhiwo ezinhle zomshini futhi amandla angafinyelela ku-5kPa. Umzimba oluhlaza uyasuswa, womiswe futhi ushiswe ukuze wakhe ingxenye ye-ceramic yesimo esifunwayo.

Izinzuzo zayo ukuthi ayidingi noma ayidingi inani elincane lezithasiselo eziphilayo (ngaphansi kuka-1%), umzimba oluhlaza awudingi ukususwa kwamafutha, umzimba oluhlaza ufana, ubuningi obuhlobene buphezulu (55% ~ 70%), futhi ingakha izingxenye ezinkulu nezinomumo oyinkimbinkimbi ze-ceramic. Ububi bayo ukuthi izithasiselo ziyabiza, futhi igesi ivame ukukhishwa ngesikhathi sokusabela.

2.6 Ukubumba ngomjovo
Ukubumba ngomjovo sekusetshenziswe isikhathi eside ekubumbeni imikhiqizo yepulasitiki kanye nasekubumbeni izikhunta zensimbi. Le nqubo isebenzisa ukushisa okuphansi kwezinto eziphilayo ze-thermoplastic noma ukushisa okuphezulu kwezinto eziphilayo ze-thermosetting. Impuphu kanye nesithwali sezinto eziphilayo kuxutshwa emshinini wokuxuba okhethekile, bese kufakwa esikhumbeni ngaphansi kokucindezela okuphezulu (amashumi kuya kwamakhulu e-MPa). Ngenxa yokucindezela okukhulu kokubumba, izikhala ezitholiwe zinezilinganiso eziqondile, ukushelela okuphezulu kanye nesakhiwo esincane; ukusetshenziswa kwemishini yokubumba ekhethekile kuthuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza.

Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1970 nasekuqaleni kwawo-1980, inqubo yokubumba ngomjovo yasetshenziswa ekubumbeni izingxenye ze-ceramic. Le nqubo igcwalisa ukubumba ngepulasitiki kwezinto ezingenalutho ngokufaka inani elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo, okuyinqubo evamile yokubumba ngepulasitiki ye-ceramic. Kubuchwepheshe bokubumba ngomjovo, ngaphezu kokusebenzisa izinto eziphilayo ze-thermoplastic (njenge-polyethylene, i-polystyrene), izinto eziphilayo ze-thermosetting (njenge-epoxy resin, i-phenolic resin), noma ama-polymer ancibilikayo emanzini njenge-binder eyinhloko, kuyadingeka ukwengeza inani elithile lezinsiza zenqubo ezifana nama-plasticizer, izinto zokugcoba kanye nama-coupling agents ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukugeleza kokumiswa komjovo we-ceramic nokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yomzimba obumba ngomjovo.

Inqubo yokubumba ngomjovo inezinzuzo zezinga eliphezulu lokuzenzakalela kanye nosayizi oqondile wesikhala sokubumba. Kodwa-ke, okuqukethwe kwezinto eziphilayo emzimbeni oluhlaza wezingxenye ze-ceramic ezibunjwe ngomjovo kuphakeme njengo-50vol%. Kuthatha isikhathi eside, ngisho nezinsuku eziningana kuya ezinsukwini eziningi, ukususa lezi zinto eziphilayo enkambisweni elandelayo yokusila, futhi kulula ukubangela ukukhubazeka kwekhwalithi.

2.7 Ukubumba umjovo we-Colloidal
Ukuze kuxazululwe izinkinga zobuningi bezinto eziphilayo ezingeziwe kanye nobunzima bokuqeda ubunzima enkambisweni yokubumba ngemijovo yendabuko, iNyuvesi yaseTsinghua yaphakamisa ngobuhlakani inqubo entsha yokubumba ngemijovo ye-colloidal ye-ceramics, futhi yathuthukisa ngokuzimela iphrothokholi yokubumba ngemijovo ye-colloidal ukuze kufezwe ukufakwa kwe-slurry ye-ceramic engenamvubelo.

Umqondo oyisisekelo ukuhlanganisa ukubumba kwe-colloidal nokubumba ngomjovo, kusetshenziswa imishini yokujova eyimfihlo kanye nobuchwepheshe obusha bokubumba obunikezwa yinqubo yokubumba ngokuqina kwe-colloidal in-situ. Le nqubo entsha isebenzisa ngaphansi kuka-4wt.% wezinto eziphilayo. Inani elincane lama-monomer ezinto eziphilayo noma ama-organic compounds emanzini asetshenziswa ukusheshisa ukubumbana kwama-monomer ezinto eziphilayo ngemva kokujova esikhumbeni ukuze kwakheke uhlaka lwenethiwekhi yezinto eziphilayo, olugoqa ngokulinganayo i-ceramic powder. Phakathi kwazo, isikhathi sokususa i-gumming asifinyezwanga kakhulu, kodwa futhi nethuba lokuqhekeka kwe-degumming lincishisiwe kakhulu.

Kukhona umehluko omkhulu phakathi kokubumba ngomjovo wezinto zobumba kanye nokubumba nge-colloidal. Umehluko omkhulu ukuthi owokuqala ungowesigaba sokubumba ngepulasitiki, kanti owokugcina ungowokubumba nge-slurry, okungukuthi, i-slurry ayina-plasticity futhi iyinto engenamsebenzi. Ngenxa yokuthi i-slurry ayina-plasticity ekubumbeni nge-colloidal, umqondo wendabuko wokubumba nge-ceramic injection awukwazi ukwamukelwa. Uma ukubumba nge-colloidal kuhlanganiswa nokubumba nge-injection, ukubumba nge-colloidal injection kwezinto zobumba kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa imishini yokumba eyimfihlo kanye nobuchwepheshe obusha bokubumba obunikezwa yinqubo yokubumba nge-colloidal in-situ.

Inqubo entsha yokubumba i-colloidal nge-ceramics ihlukile ekubumbeni i-colloidal okujwayelekile kanye nokubumba i-injection yendabuko. Inzuzo yezinga eliphezulu lokubumba okuzenzakalelayo iwukubalwa kwenqubo yokubumba i-colloidal, okuzoba yithemba lokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni ze-ceramics zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu.