Izindaba - Ukwakheka kwama-granite kuyini?

Iyini ukwakheka kwama-granite?

I-Graniteyidwala elivame kakhulu ukungena ongqimbeni lwezwekazi loMhlaba, liyaziwa njengetshe lokuhlobisa elipinki, elimhlophe, elimpunga, nelimnyama. Liyi-grain ephakathi nendawo. Amaminerali alo amathathu ayinhloko yi-feldspar, i-quartz, ne-mica, etholakala njenge-silverly muscovite noma i-biotite emnyama noma kokubili. Kula maminerali, i-feldspar ivame ukuba ngaphezulu kwamaphesenti ayi-10. Ama-alkali feldspar avame ukuba pinki, okuholela ekutheni i-granite epinki ivame ukusetshenziswa njengetshe lokuhlobisa. I-granite icwebezela ngama-magma acebile nge-silica ajule ngamamayela amaningi ongqimbeni loMhlaba. Amadiphozithi amaningi amaminerali akha imizimba ye-granite ecwebezelayo ecishe icwebezele ezixazululweni zamanzi ezikhishwa yilezo mizimba.

Ukuhlukaniswa

Engxenyeni ephezulu ye-QAPF yokuhlukaniswa kwamadwala e-plutonic (Streckeisen, 1976), insimu ye-granite ichazwa ngokwakheka kwe-quartz (Q 20 - 60%) kanye nesilinganiso se-P/(P + A) esiphakathi kuka-10 no-65. Insimu ye-granite inezinkundla ezimbili ezincane: i-syenogranite ne-monzogranite. Amadwala aphuma ngaphakathi kwe-syenogranite kuphela abhekwa njengama-granite ezincwadini ze-Anglo-Saxon. Ezincwadini zaseYurophu, amadwala aphuma ngaphakathi kwe-syenogranite ne-monzogranite abizwa ngokuthi ama-granite. Insimu encane ye-monzogranite yayiqukethe i-adamellite ne-quartz monzonite ezinhlotsheni ezindala. I-Subcommission for Rock Cassification incoma ukuthi muva nje yenqabe igama elithi adamellite futhi liqanjwe ngokuthi i-quartz monzonite kuphela amadwala aphuma ngaphakathi kwensimu ye-quartz monzonite sensu stricto.

Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Isilinganiso somhlaba wonke sokwakheka kwamakhemikhali e-granite, ngesilinganiso sesisindo,

ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni okungu-2485:

I-SiO2 72.04% (i-silica)
I-Al2O3 14.42% (i-alumina)
I-K2O 4.12%
I-Na2O 3.69%
I-CaO 1.82%
I-FeO1.68%
I-Fe2O3 1.22%
I-MgO 0.71%
I-TiO2 0.30%
P2O5 0.12%
I-MnO 0.05%

Ihlala inamaminerali i-quartz ne-feldspar, enamanye amaminerali amaningi noma engenayo (amaminerali angeziwe). I-quartz ne-feldspar ngokuvamile zinikeza i-granite umbala okhanyayo, kusukela kopinki kuya komhlophe. Lowo mbala ongemuva okhanyayo ubonakala ngamaminerali angeziwe amnyama. Ngakho-ke i-granite yakudala inokubukeka "okufana nosawoti nopelepele". Amaminerali angeziwe avame kakhulu yi-mica biotite emnyama kanye ne-black amphibole hornblende. Cishe wonke lawa matshe ayi-igneous (aqina kusuka ku-magma) kanye ne-plutonic (akwenza lokho emzimbeni omkhulu, ongcwatshwe ngokujulile noma i-pluton). Ukuhlelwa okungahleliwe kwezinhlamvu ku-granite - ukuntuleka kwayo kwendwangu - kuwubufakazi bomsuka wayo we-plutonic. Idwala elinokwakheka okufanayo ne-granite lingakheka ngokuguqulwa okude nokunamandla kwamatshe e-sedimentary. Kodwa lolo hlobo lwedwala lunendwangu eqinile futhi luvame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-granite gneiss.

Ubuningi + Indawo Yokuncibilika

Ubuningi bayo obumaphakathi buphakathi kuka-2.65 no-2.75 g/cm3, amandla ayo okucindezela ngokuvamile angaphezulu kuka-200 MPa, kanti i-viscosity yayo eduze kwe-STP ingu-3–6 • 1019 Pa·s. Izinga lokushisa lokuncibilika lingu-1215–1260 °C. Inokungena okuphansi okuphansi kodwa ukungena okuqinile kwesibili.

Ukuvela Kwedwala Le-Granite

Itholakala kuma-pluton amakhulu emazwenikazi, ezindaweni lapho ungqimba loMhlaba luguguleke khona kakhulu. Lokhu kunengqondo, ngoba i-granite kumele iqine kancane ezindaweni ezimbozwe kakhulu ukuze yenze okusanhlamvu okukhulu kwamaminerali. Ama-Pluton amancane kunamakhilomitha-skwele ayi-100 endaweni abizwa ngokuthi ama-stocks, kanti amakhulu abizwa ngokuthi ama-batholith. Ama-lava aqhuma kuwo wonke uMhlaba, kodwa i-lava enokwakheka okufanayo ne-granite (rhyolite) iqhuma kuphela emazwenikazikazi. Lokho kusho ukuthi i-granite kumele yakheke ngokuncibilika kwamadwala ase-continental. Lokho kwenzeka ngezizathu ezimbili: ukwengeza ukushisa nokwengeza ama-volatile (amanzi noma i-carbon dioxide noma kokubili). Amazwekazi ashisa kakhulu ngoba aqukethe iningi le-uranium ne-potassium yeplanethi, efudumeza indawo ezungezile ngokubola kwe-radioactive. Noma yikuphi lapho ungqimba lujiyile khona kuvame ukushisa ngaphakathi (isibonelo e-Tibetan Plateau). Futhi izinqubo ze-plate tectonics, ikakhulukazi i-subduction, zingabangela ukuthi ama-basaltic magmas akhuphuke ngaphansi kwamazwekazikazi. Ngaphezu kokushisa, la ma-magmas akhipha i-CO2 namanzi, okusiza amadwala azo zonke izinhlobo ukuba ancibilike emazingeni okushisa aphansi. Kucatshangwa ukuthi inani elikhulu le-basaltic magma lingafakwa phansi kwezwekazi ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-underplating. Njengoba kukhishwa kancane ukushisa noketshezi kuleyo basalt, inani elikhulu le-continental crust lingaphenduka libe yi-granite ngesikhathi esifanayo.

Itholakala kuphi?

Kuze kube manje, kwaziwa ukuthi itholakala eMhlabeni ngobuningi obufanayo kuwo wonke amazwekazi njengengxenye yoqweqwe lwezwekazi. Leli dwala litholakala ezinqwabeni ezincane, ezifana ne-stock ezingaphansi kwamakhilomitha ayi-100², noma eziqongweni zezintaba eziyingxenye yezintaba ze-orogenic. Kanye namanye amazwekazi kanye namadwala ase-sedimentary, ngokuvamile akha umthambeka ongaphansi komhlaba. Itholakala futhi kuma-lacolites, imisele kanye nemingcele. Njengasekwakhekeni kwe-granite, ezinye izinhlobo zamadwala yi-alpids kanye ne-pegmatites. Ama-adhesive anosayizi wezinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu kunalawo atholakala emingceleni yokuhlaselwa kwe-granite. Ama-pegmatites amaningi ane-granular kune-granite ngokuvamile abelana ngama-granite deposits.

Ukusetshenziswa kweGranite

AmaGibhithe asendulo akha amaphiramidi ngama-granite nama-limestone.
Okunye ukusetshenziswa eGibhithe lasendulo izinsika, izicabha, izimbobo, ukubumba kanye nodonga kanye nesembozo sephansi.
URajaraja Chola Ubukhosi bakwaChola eNingizimu yeNdiya, ngekhulu le-11 AD edolobheni laseTanjore eNdiya, benza ithempeli lokuqala emhlabeni laba yi-granite ngokuphelele. Ithempeli laseBrihadeeswarar, elinikezelwe eNkosini uShiva, lakhiwa ngo-1010.
EMbusweni WaseRoma, i-granite yaba yingxenye ebalulekile yezinto zokwakha kanye nolimi olukhulu lokwakha.
Lisetshenziswa kakhulu njengetshe elikhulu. Lisekelwe ekuklwebhekeni, libe yidwala eliwusizo ngenxa yesakhiwo salo elamukela ukuqina, ukucwebezela kanye nokucwebezela ukuze lithwale izinsimbi ezisobala.
Isetshenziswa ezindaweni zangaphakathi ze-granite slabs ezipholishiwe, amathayela, amabhentshi, phansi kwethayela, izitebhisi zezitebhisi kanye nezinye izici eziningi ezisebenzayo nezokuhlobisa.

Yesimanje

Isetshenziselwa amatshe ethuna nezikhumbuzo.
Isetshenziselwa izinjongo zokubeka phansi.
Onjiniyela bebesebenzisa amapuleti obuso be-granite acwebezelayo ngokwesiko ukudala i-reference plane ngoba awangeni manzi futhi awaguquguquki.

Ukukhiqizwa kweGranite

Imayiniwa emhlabeni wonke kodwa imibala eminingi engavamile itholakala kuma-granite deposits eBrazil, eNdiya, eShayina, eFinland, eNingizimu Afrika naseNyakatho Melika. Lokhu kumayiniwa kwamatshe kuyinqubo edinga imali eningi kanye nomsebenzi omningi. Izingcezu ze-granite zisuswa kuma-deposits ngokusika noma ngokufafaza. Kusetshenziswa izisiki ezikhethekile ukusika izingcezu ezikhishwe yi-granite zibe amapuleti aphathekayo, abese epakishwa futhi athuthwe ngesitimela noma izinsizakalo zokuthutha. IShayina, iBrazil neNdiya zingabakhiqizi be-granite abahamba phambili emhlabeni.

Isiphetho

Itshe elaziwa ngokuthi “i-granite emnyama” ngokuvamile liyi-gabbro elinesakhiwo samakhemikhali esihluke ngokuphelele.
Liyidwala elitholakala kakhulu eMhlabeni, ungqimba lwezwekazi. Ezindaweni ezinkulu ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-batholith kanye nasezindaweni eziphakathi kwezwekazi, aziwa ngokuthi izihlangu atholakala enkabeni yezindawo eziningi ezinezintaba.
Amakristalu amaminerali abonisa ukuthi ayaphola kancane kancane edwaleni elincibilikisiwe elakhiwe ngaphansi komhlaba futhi lidinga isikhathi eside.
Uma i-granite ivezwa ebusweni boMhlaba, ibangelwa ukuphakama kwamatshe e-granite kanye nokuguguleka kwamatshe e-sedimentary ngaphezu kwawo.
Ngaphansi kwamadwala acwebezelayo, ama-granite, ama-granite aguqulwe isimo noma amadwala ahlobene nawo ngokuvamile angaphansi kwalesi simbozo. Kamuva aziwa ngokuthi amadwala angaphansi komhlaba.
Izincazelo ezisetshenziselwa i-granite zivame ukuholela ekukhulumisaneni ngedwala futhi ngezinye izikhathi zibangela ukudideka. Ngezinye izikhathi kunezincazelo eziningi ezisetshenziswayo. Kunezindlela ezintathu zokuchaza i-granite.
Indlela elula emadwaleni, kanye namaminerali e-granite, i-mica kanye ne-amphibole, ingachazwa njengedwala eliqinile, elikhanyayo, elimagmatic eliqukethe ikakhulukazi i-feldspar ne-quartz.
Isazi sedwala sizochaza ukwakheka okuqondile kwedwala, futhi ochwepheshe abaningi ngeke basebenzise i-granite ukuhlonza idwala ngaphandle kokuthi lihlangabezana nephesenti elithile lamaminerali. Bangase balibize ngokuthi i-alkaline granite, i-granodiorite, i-pegmatite noma i-aplite.
Incazelo yezentengiselwano esetshenziswa abathengisi nabathengi ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi amatshe aqinile kune-granite. Bangabiza i-granite ye-gabro, i-basalt, i-pegmatite, i-gneiss namanye amatshe amaningi.
Ngokuvamile kuchazwa ngokuthi “itshe elikhulu” elingasikwa libe nobude obuthile, ububanzi kanye nobukhulu.
I-granite iqine ngokwanele ukumelana nokuklwebheka okuningi, izinsimbi ezinkulu, imelane nezimo zezulu futhi yamukela ama-varnish. Itshe elifiseleka kakhulu futhi eliwusizo.
Nakuba intengo yegranite iphakeme kakhulu kunentengo yezinye izinto ezenziwe umuntu zamaphrojekthi, ibhekwa njengento ehlonishwayo esetshenziselwa ukuthonya abanye ngenxa yobuhle bayo, ukuqina kwayo kanye nekhwalithi yayo.