Izindaba - Kuyini ukwakheka kwama-granite?

Akhiwe kanjani ama-granite?

I-Graniteiyitshe elivame kakhulu elingenele kuqweqwe lwezwekazi loMhlaba, Lijwayeleke njengetshe lokuhlobisa elinamabala, elimhlophe, elimpunga, nelimnyama.I-coarse- to medium-grained.Amaminerali ayo amathathu ayinhloko i-feldspar, i-quartz, ne-mica, eyenzeka njenge-silvery muscovite noma i-biotite emnyama noma kokubili.Kulawa amaminerali, i-feldspar ihamba phambili, futhi i-quartz ivame ukubala ngaphezu kwamaphesenti ayishumi.I-alkali feldspars ivamise ukupinki, okuholela ekutheni igwadle eliphinki livame ukusetshenziswa njengetshe lokuhlobisa.I-Granite icwebezela isuka ku-silica-rich magmas ekujuleni kwamamayela oqweqwe loMhlaba.Amadiphozithi amaningi amaminerali akha eduze nemizimba yegwadle ecwebezelayo esuka kuzixazululo ze-hydrothermal ezikhishwa imizimba enjalo.

Ukwahlukanisa

Engxenyeni engenhla yesigaba se-QAPF samadwala e-plutonic (Streckeisen, 1976), insimu yegwadle ichazwa ngokubunjwa kwe-quartz kwe-modal (Q 20 - 60 %) kanye nesilinganiso se-P/(P + A) phakathi kuka-10 no-65. Insimu yegwadle inezinkambu ezimbili ezingaphansi: i-syenogranite ne-monzogranite.Amadwala kuphela avela ngaphakathi kwe-syenogranite athathwa njengama-granite ezincwadini ze-Anglo-Saxon.Ezincwadini zaseYurophu, amatshe avela ngaphakathi kokubili kwe-syenogranite ne-monzogranite abizwa ngokuthi ama-granite.Inkambu engaphansi ye-monzogranite iqukethe i-adamelite ne-quartz monzonite ezigabeni ezindala.I-Subcommission for Rock Cassification incoma ukuthi kamuva nje kwenqabe igama elithi adamelite futhi kuqanjwe njenge-quartz monzonite kuphela amadwala avela ngaphakathi kwenkundla ye-quartz monzonite sensu stricto.

Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Isilinganiso somhlaba wonke sokwakheka kwamakhemikhali egwadle, ngephesenti lesisindo,

ngokusekelwe ku-2485 ukuhlaziya:

I-SiO2 72.04% (silica)
I-Al2O3 14.42% (i-alumina)
I-K2O 4.12%
I-Na2O 3.69%
I-CaO 1.82%
I-FeO 1.68%
I-Fe2O3 1.22%
I-MgO 0.71%
I-TiO2 0.30%
I-P2O5 0.12%
MnO 0.05%

Ihlala iqukethe amaminerali e-quartz kanye ne-feldspar, noma ngaphandle kwezinhlobonhlobo zamanye amaminerali (amaminerali angenayo).I-quartz ne-feldspar ngokuvamile zinikeza i-granite umbala okhanyayo, osukela kobomvana kuye komhlophe.Lowo mbala ongemuva okhanyayo uphawulelwe amaminerali ensiza emnyama.Ngakho i-granite yakudala inokubukeka "kasawoti-nopelepele".Amaminerali asetshenziswa kakhulu yi-black mica biotite kanye ne-black amphibole hornblende.Cishe wonke lawa madwala awashisi (aqina avela ku-magma) kanye ne-plutonic (yakwenza lokho emzimbeni omkhulu, ongcwatshwe ngokujulile noma i-pluton).Ukuhlelwa okungahleliwe kokusanhlamvu kugwadle—ukuntuleka kwayo kwendwangu—kuwubufakazi bomsuka wayo we-plutonic.Idwala elinokwakheka okufanayo njengegwadle lingakheka ngokusebenzisa i-metamorphism ende futhi eqinile yamadwala e-sedimentary.Kodwa lolo hlobo lwedwala lunendwangu eqinile futhi ngokuvamile lubizwa ngokuthi i-granite gneiss.

I-Density + Melting Point

Ukuminyana kwayo okumaphakathi kuphakathi kuka-2.65 no-2.75 g/cm3, amandla ayo okucindezela ngokuvamile angaphezu kuka-200 MPa, futhi i-viscosity yayo eduze ne-STP ingu-3–6 • 1019 Pa·s.Izinga lokushisa elincibilikayo lingu-1215-1260 °C.Inokungenwa kahle okuyisisekelo kodwa ikwazi ukungena kahle okwesibili.

Ukuvela Kwetshe Legwadle

Itholakala kuma-pluton amakhulu emazwenikazi, ezindaweni lapho uqweqwe loMhlaba luguguleke kakhulu.Lokhu kunengqondo, ngoba i-granite kufanele iqine kancane kakhulu ezindaweni ezingcwatshwe ngokujulile ukuze yenze okusanhlamvu okukhulu kwamaminerali.Ama-pluton amancane kunamakhilomitha-skwele ayi-100 endaweni abizwa ngokuthi amasheya, kanti amakhulu abizwa ngokuthi ama-batholiths.Ama-lavas aqhuma kuwo wonke umhlaba, kodwa i-lava enesakhiwo esifanayo ne-granite (rhyolite) iqhuma kuphela emazwenikazi.Lokho kusho ukuthi i-granite kufanele yakheke ngokuncibilika kwamadwala ase-continental.Lokho kwenzeka ngezizathu ezimbili: ukwengeza ukushisa nokwengeza ama-volatiles (amanzi noma i-carbon dioxide noma kokubili).Amazwekazi ayashisa kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi aqukethe ingxenye enkulu ye-uranium ne-potassium yale planethi, eshisisa indawo ezungezile ngokubola ngemisebe.Noma yikuphi lapho uqweqwe lujiyile luvame ukushisa ngaphakathi (ngokwesibonelo, eThafeni laseTibet).Futhi izinqubo ze-plate tectonics, ikakhulukazi ukuncishiswa, kungabangela ukuthi i-basaltic magmas ikhuphuke ngaphansi kwamazwekazi.Ngaphezu kokushisa, la magmas akhulula i-CO2 namanzi, esiza amatshe azo zonke izinhlobo ancibilike emazingeni okushisa aphansi.Kucatshangwa ukuthi isamba esikhulu se-basaltic magma singakhomezelwa phansi kwezwekazi ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-underplating.Ngokudedelwa kancane kokushisa noketshezi kuleyo basalt, inani elikhulu le-continental crust lingaphendukela kugwadle ngasikhathi sinye.

Itholakala kuphi?

Kuze kube manje, kuyaziwa ukuthi itholakala eMhlabeni kuphela ngobuningi kuwo wonke amazwekazi njengengxenye yoqweqwe lwezwekazi.Leli dwala litholakala emiqulwini encane, efana nesitoko engaphansi kuka-100 km², noma kuma-batholiths ayingxenye yezintaba ze-orogenic.Kanye namanye amazwekazi kanye namadwala e-sedimentary, ngokuvamile akha isisekelo somthambeka ongaphansi komhlaba.Ibuye itholakale kuma-lacolite, imisele kanye nama-thresholds.Njengasekubunjweni kwe-granite, okunye ukuhlukahluka kwamadwala ama-alpids nama-pegmatites.Izinamatheliso ezinosayizi wezinhlayiyana ezicolekile kunalezo ezenzeka emingceleni yokuhlaselwa kwe-granitic.Ama-pegmatite ayimbudumbudu amaningi kune-granite ngokuvamile abelana ngamadiphozithi egwadle.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Granite

Abantu baseGibhithe lasendulo bakha imibhoshongo ngamatshe egwadule namatshe e-limestone.
Okunye ukusetshenziswa eGibhithe lasendulo amakholomu, amakhomu eminyango, ama-sill, ama-moldings kanye nodonga kanye nesembozo saphansi.
URajaraja Chola Ubukhosi BakwaChola eNingizimu neNdiya, ngekhulu le-11 AD edolobheni laseTanjore eNdiya, benza ithempeli lokuqala emhlabeni libe yigwadle ngokuphelele.Ithempeli likaBrihadeeswarar, elinikezelwe eNkosini Shiva, lakhiwa ngo-1010.
EMbusweni WamaRoma, igwadle laba yingxenye ebalulekile yezinto zokwakha kanye nolimi olukhulu lwezakhiwo.
Isetshenziswa kakhulu njengetshe losayizi.Isekelwe emihuzuko, ibe yidwala eliwusizo ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo esamukela okuqinile nokucwebezelayo nokupholisha ukuze kuthwale izisindo ezisobala.
Isetshenziswa ezindaweni zangaphakathi zama-granite slabs aphucuziwe, amathayela, amabhentshi, ama-tile floor, amatebhisi nezinye izici eziningi ezisebenzayo nezokuhlobisa.

Okwesimanje

Isetshenziselwa amatshe amathuna nezikhumbuzo.
Isetshenziselwa izinjongo flooring.
Onjiniyela ngokwesiko basebenzisa amapuleti angaphezulu egwadle aphucuziwe ukuze bakhe indiza eyinkomba ngoba awangeneki futhi awaguquguquki.

Ukukhiqizwa kweGranite

Imbiwa emhlabeni wonke kodwa imibala eminingi engavamile itholakala emigodini ye-granite eBrazil, India, China, Finland, South Africa naseNyakatho Melika.Lokhu kumbiwa kwamatshe kuwumsebenzi omkhulu kanye nenqubo edinga abasebenzi abaningi.Izingcezu ze-granite zikhishwa kumadiphozithi ngokusika noma ngokufafaza imisebenzi.Izisiki ezikhethekile zisetshenziselwa ukusika izingcezu ezikhishwe yigwadle zibe amapuleti aphathwayo, abese epakishwa futhi athuthwe ngololiwe noma ngezinkonzo zemikhumbi.I-China, i-Brazil kanye ne-India ngabakhiqizi abahamba phambili be-granite emhlabeni.

Isiphetho

Itshe elaziwa ngokuthi “igwadle elimnyama” ngokuvamile liyi-gabbro elinesakhiwo samakhemikhali esihluke ngokuphelele.
Yidwala eligcwele kakhulu emhlabeni we-continental crust.Ezindaweni ezinkulu ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-batholiths nasezindaweni eziwumgogodla zamazwekazi ezaziwa ngokuthi amahawu atholakala enkabeni yezindawo eziningi zezintaba.
Amakristalu amaminerali akhombisa ukuthi aphola kancane kancane etsheni elincibilikisiwe elakheka ngaphansi komhlaba futhi lidinga isikhathi eside.
Uma i-granite ivele obala emhlabeni, ibangelwa ukukhuphuka kwamatshe e-granite kanye nokuguguleka kwamadwala e-sedimentary ngaphezu kwawo.
Ngaphansi kwamatshe e-sedimentary, ama-granite, ama-metamorphosed granites noma amatshe ahlobene ngokuvamile angaphansi kwalesi simbozo.Kamuva zaziwa ngokuthi amadwala angaphansi.
Izincazelo ezisetshenziselwa igwadle ngokuvamile ziholela ekukhulumisaneni ngedwala futhi ngezinye izikhathi zibangele ukudideka.Ngezinye izikhathi kunezincazelo eziningi ezisetshenziswayo.Kunezindlela ezintathu zokuchaza i-granite.
Inkambo elula emadwaleni, kanye ne-granite, i-mica kanye namaminerali e-amphibole, ingachazwa njengetshe elimahhadla, elikhanyayo, elinamandla elihlanganisa ikakhulukazi i-feldspar kanye ne-quartz.
Uchwepheshe we-rock uzochaza ukubunjwa okuqondile kwetshe, futhi ochwepheshe abaningi ngeke basebenzise i-granite ukuhlonza idwala ngaphandle uma ihlangabezana nephesenti elithile lamaminerali.Bangase bayibize nge-alkaline granite, i-granodiorite, i-pegmatite noma i-aplite.
Incazelo yezohwebo esetshenziswa abathengisi nabathengi ivamise ukubizwa ngokuthi amatshe ayimbudumbudu aqinile kunegranite.Bangakwazi ukubiza i-granite ye-gabro, i-basalt, i-pegmatite, i-gneiss namanye amadwala amaningi.
Ngokuvamile kuchazwa ngokuthi “itshe losayizi” elingasikwa libe ngobude, ububanzi nobukhulu obuthile.
I-Granite inamandla ngokwanele ukumelana nemihuzuko eminingi, izisindo ezinkulu, ukumelana nezimo zezulu futhi yamukele ama-varnish.Itshe elifiseleka kakhulu futhi eliwusizo.
Nakuba izindleko zegwadle ziphakeme kakhulu kunentengo yezinye izinto ezenziwe ngabantu zamaphrojekthi, kuthathwa njengento ehlonishwayo esetshenziselwa ukuthonya abanye ngenxa yobuhle bayo, ukuqina kanye nekhwalithi yayo.